ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ

Η ΣΥΝΤΕΧΝΙΑ: ΠΩΣ ΟΙ ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΟΤΕΚΤΟΝΕΣ ΔΙΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΑΝ ΤΟΝ ΣΥΓΧΡΟΝΟ ΚΟΣΜΟ

Κεφάλαιο 1: Λισαβόνα: Τα μυστικά του Τζον Κούστος

R. Beachy, ‘Club Culture and Social Authority: Freemasonry in Leipzig, 1741–1830’, in F. Trentmann (ed.), Paradoxes of Civil Society: New Perspectives on Modern German and British History, 2nd edn, New York, 2003.

F. Braggion, ‘Managers and (Secret) Social Networks: The Influence of the Freemasonry’, Journal of the European Economic Association, 9 (6), 2011.

R. Burt, ‘Freemasonry and Business Networking during the Victorian Period’, The Economic History Review, 56 (4), 2003.

G.M. Cazzaniga, ‘Il complotto: metamorfosi di un mito’, in Cazzaniga (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006.

J. Coustos, The Sufferings of John Coustos, for Free-Masonry, and for His Refusing to turn Roman Catholic, in the Inquisition at Lisbon, London, 1746. ‘That he has infring’d the Pope’s Orders’, p. 52. (The original quote varies between the first and third person. I have made it uniform throughout for ease of reading.) ‘As Secrecy naturally excited Curiosity’, p. 33. ‘Not a little honoured in belonging to a Society’, p. 27. ‘Charity and Brotherly Love’, pp. 25–31. ‘If this Society of Free-Masons was so virtuous’, p. 33.

J.A. Ferrer Benimeli, Masoneria, Iglesia e Ilustracio. Un conflicto ideologico-politico- religioso, Madrid, 1976, vol. 2. For inquisition trials in Lisbon, pp. 133–94, esp. pp. 183–91 for Coustos.

J.A. Ferrer Benimeli, ‘Origini, motivazioni ed effetti della condanna vaticana’, in G.M. Cazzaniga (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006. J.-C. Flachat, Observations sur le commerce et sur les arts d’une partie de l’Europe, de l’Asie, de l’Afrique, et même des Indes Orientale, vol. 1, Lyon, 1766, p. 420; on hatred of Masons in the Ottoman Empire.

W. McLeod, ‘John Coustos: His Lodges and His Book’, AQC, 92, 1979.

G. Simmel, ‘The Sociology of Secrecy and of Secret Societies’, American Journal of Sociology, 11 (4), 1906.

G. Tarantino, ‘The mysteries of popery unveiled: Affective language in John Coustos’s and Anthony Gavin’s accounts of the Inquisition’, in S. Broomhall (ed.), Spaces for Feeling: Emotions and Sociabilities in Britain 1650–1850, London, 2015.

S. Vatcher, ‘John Coustos and the Portuguese Inquisition’, AQC, 81, 1968. Contains a translation of Coustos’s interrogation and other papers. ‘In [our] Fraternity, it is not permitted to speak of religious matters’, p. 56.

Κεφάλαιο 2: Έξω από τον χρόνο και τον χώρο: Ο παράξενος θάνατος του Χιράμ Αμπίφ

Anon., The Scottish Ritual of Craft Freemasonry: With Tracing Boards, Edinburgh (no date). I consulted the rituals followed by my grandfather in 1919 in my outline of the Craft ceremonies.

L. Corsi, Tommaso Crudeli, Il calamaio del Padre Inquisitore, Udine-Florence, 2003. Masturbation ritual, p. 121.

M.C. Duncan, Duncan’s Masonic Ritual and Monitor, New York, 1966. The source of all the images in this chapter.

S. Vatcher, ‘John Coustos and the Portuguese Inquisition’, AQC, 81, 1968: ‘As the Sun gives light to the day’, p. 71. ‘To be recognised in any part of the World’, p. 48. ‘Placing his thumb on the first knuckle-joint’, p. 62. ‘[Coustos] said: that the only purpose they have’, p. 54. ‘Abbreviated, evasive and deceitful’, p. 73.

M. Vigilante, ‘Crudeli, Tommaso’, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, 31, Rome, 1985.

Κεφάλαιο 3: Εδιμβούργο: Η Τέχνη της Μνήμης

D. Allan, ‘Moray, Sir Robert (1608/9?–1673)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, online edn, October 2007 [http://www. oxforddnb.com/view/article/19645, accessed 23 February 2017].

P. Beal, ‘Dicsone [Dickson], Alexander (bap. 1558, d. 1603/4), philosophical writer and political agent’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, consulted online 21 February 2017.

Ι. Campbell and A. MacKechnie, ‘The “Great Temple of Solomon” at Stirling’, Architectural History, 54, 2011. Earliest Renaissance building of its kind in Britain, p. 91.

H. Carr and J.R. Dashwood, The Minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh, Mary’s Chapel, no. 1, 1598–1738, Masonic Reprints, vol. XIII, London, 1962. Initiation of Civil War officers in Edinburgh, pp. 118–19.

I.B. Cowan and D. Shaw (eds), The Renaissance and Reformation in Scotland, Edinburgh, 1983.

P. Croft, King James, Basingstoke, 2003.

T. De Moor, ‘The Silent Revolution: A New Perspective on the Emergence of Commons, Guilds, and Other Forms of Corporate Collective Action in Western Europe’, International Review of Social History, 53(S16), 2008.

S. Epstein, ‘Guilds and Metiers’, in J.R. Strayer (ed.), Dictionary of the Middle Ages, New York, vol. 6, 1985.

W. Fraser, Memorials of the Montgomeries, Earls of Eglinton, vol. 2, Edinburgh, 1859, pp. 239–44. Contains the text of the Schaw statutes. ‘Tryall of the art of memorie’, p. 243.

D. Harrison, The Genesis of Freemasonry, Addlestone, 2014.

M. Hunter, ‘Ashmole, Elias (1617–1692)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, online edn, May 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/764, accessed 23 February 2017].

G.P. Jones, ‘Building in stone in medieval Western Europe’, in M.M. Postan and

E. Miller (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. II: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, 2nd edn, Cambridge, 1987.

C.H. Josten, ‘Elias Ashmole, FRS (1617–1692)’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, vol. 15, July 1960.

C.H. Josten (ed.), Elias Ashmole (1617–1692): His Autobiographical and Historical Notes, his Correspondence, and Other Contemporary Sources Relating to his Life and Work Oxford: Clarendon Press, vol. IV, 1966. ‘I was the Senior Fellow among them’, p. 1701.

A.L. Julhala, ‘The Household and Court of King James VI of Scotland’, PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000.

D. Knoop and G.P. Jones, The Genesis of Freemasonry, Manchester, 1947.

D. Knoop and G.P. Jones, The Mediaeval Mason: An Economic History of English Stone Building in the Later Middle Ages and Early Modern Times, Manchester, 1967.

D. Knoop and G.P. Jones (eds), The Early Masonic Catechisms, Manchester, 1963. ‘Secrets which must never be written’, quoted p. 5. ‘Being buried within the flood- mark, where no man shall know’, quoted p. 36. The ‘Sisterhood of Free Sempstresses’, reproduced pp. 226–8.

M. Lynche (ed.), Oxford Companion to Scottish History, Oxford, 2001. See the entry on the Royal court.

D. MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided, 1490–1700, London, 2003. For a summary of the Scottish Reformation, see pp. 291–5 and passim. ‘The great temple of Solomon’, quoted p. 110.

E. Miller and J. Hatcher, Medieval England: Towns, Commerce and Crafts 1086–1348, London, 1995.

R. Plot, Natural History of Stafford-shire, Oxford, 1686, The account of the Acception quoted here, pp. 316–18.

L.F. Salzman, Building in England Down to 1540: A Documentary History, Oxford, 1967.

M.D.J. Scanlan, ‘Freemasonry and the mystery of the Acception, 1630 to 1723 – a fatal flaw’, in R.W. Weisberger et al. (eds), Freemasonry on Both Sides of the Atlantic, New York, 2002. This important study also contains the best explana- tion of the meanings of the term freemason.

M.D.J. Scanlan, ‘The origins of Freemasonry: England’, in H. Bogdan and J. Snoek (eds), Handbook of Freemasonry, Leiden, 2014.

M.K. Schuchard, Restoring the Temple of Vision: Cabalistic Freemasonry and Stuart Culture, Leiden, 2002. On Hermeticism and the Scottish court, pp. 200–206.

D. Stevenson, The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland’s Century, 1590–1710, Cambridge, 1988. I have drawn heavily on this classic study throughout this chapter. For the figure of 80 per cent of Schaw Lodges still being around today, see p. 216. For that of there being thirty Schaw Lodges across Scotland by 1730, see p. 213. ‘Som secret signe delivered from hand to hand’, quoted p. 143.

D. Stevenson, ‘Schaw, William (1549/50–1602)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24799, consulted 21 February 2017.

D. Stevenson, ‘Four Hundred Years of Freemasonry in Scotland’, The Scottish Historical Review, XC (2), 2011, p. 230.

H. Swanson, Medieval Artisans: An Urban Class in Late Medieval England, Oxford, 1989.

S.L. Thrupp, ‘The gilds’, in M.M. Postan, E.E. Rich and E. Miller (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. III. Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages, Cambridge, 1963.

E.M. Veale, ‘Craftsmen and the economy of London in the 14th century’, in R. Holt and G. Rosser (eds), The Medieval Town, 1200–1540, London, 1990.

F.A. Yates, The Art of Memory, London, 1966. The classic study of the art of memory and its Renaissance adaptations.

The text and translation of the Regius Poem are available at http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/regius.html, consulted 3 April 2017.

Κεφάλαιο 4: Το Σημείο της Χήνας και της Εσχάρας

J. Anderson, The constitutions of the Freemasons: Containing the history, charges, regulations, etc. of that … fraternity, London, 1723.

J. Anderson, The New Book of Constitutions of the … Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons … collected and digested, by order of the Grand Lodge, from their old records … and lodge-books, London, 1738.

Anon, ‘Cunningham, James, fourteenth Earl of Glencairn (1749–91)’, The Burns Encyclopedia, consulted online, http://www.robertburns.org/encyclopedia/CunninghamJamesfourteenthEarlofGlencairn174915191.255.shtml, on 14 April 2017. ‘My first, my dearest Patron’.

R. Beachy, ‘Masonic apologetic writings’, in M. Fedelma Cross (ed.), Gender and Fraternal Orders in Europe, 1300–2000, Basingstoke, 2010.

F. Benigno, ‘Assolutezza del potere e nascita della sfera pubblica: critica di un modello’, in M. Rospocher (ed.), Oltre la sfera pubblica: Lo spazio della politica nell’Europa moderna, Bologna, 2013.

R.A. Berman, ‘The Architects of Eighteenth-Century English Freemasonry, 1720– 1740’, University of Exeter PhD Thesis, 2010. Especially on Desaguliers and Whig networks. ‘Many London Freemasons represented precisely the type of men the Whig government would have favoured’, p. 155.

R.A. Berman, The Foundations of Modern Freemasonry: The Grand Architects, Political Change and the Scientific Enlightenment, 1714–1740, Brighton, 2012.

J. Black, Eighteenth-Century Britain, 1688–1783, 2nd edn, Basingstoke, 2008.

M. Blackett-Ord, Hell-Fire Duke: The Life of the Duke of Wharton, Shooter’s Lodge, 1982.

‘Boniface Oinophilus’ (pseud. of A.-H. de Sallengre), Ebreitatis Encomium, or The Praise of Drunkenness, London, 1812. ‘When the King Enjoys his Own Again’, p. 90. ‘’Tis wine, ye Masons, makes you Free’, p. 83.

A.T. Carpenter, John Theophilus Desaguliers: A Natural Philosopher, Engineer and Freemason in Newtonian England, London, 2011. Walpole as Mason, p. 104.

W.J. Chetwode Crawley, ‘Notes on Irish Freemasonry, no. VI, The Wesleys and Irish Freemasonry’, AQC, 15, 1902.

J.C.D. Clark, English Society 1660–1832, Cambridge, 2000.

P. Clark, British Clubs and Societies 1580–1800, Oxford, 2000. The authority on the area, upon which I have drawn heavily. On Burns’s networking, pp. 230–1. Two thousand coffee houses, p. 163.

R. Clutterbuck, The History and Antiquities of the County of Hertford; compiled from the best printed authorities and original records preserved in public repos- itories and private collections: Embellished with views of the most curious monuments of antiquity, and illustrated with a map of the County, vol. 1, London, 1815. On the Strongs, pp. 166–70.

H.T. Dickinson, ‘Whiggism in the eighteenth century’, in J. Cannon (ed.), The Whig Ascendancy: Colloquies on Hanoverian England, London, 1981.

K. Downes, Christopher Wren, London, 1971. For a death notice mentioning Freemasonry, p. 182.

P. Elliott and S. Daniels, ‘The “school of true, useful and universal science”? Freemasonry, Natural Philosophy and Scientific Culture in Eighteenth-Century England’, The British Journal for the History of Science, 39 (2), 2006.

A. Everitt, ‘The English Urban Inn, 1560–1760’, in A. Everitt (ed.), Perspectives in English Urban History, London, 1973.

M. Goldie, ‘The English system of liberty’, in M. Goldie and R. Wokler (eds), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought, Cambridge, 2006.

J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge, MA, 1989.

D.G. Hackett, That Religion in Which All Men Agree: Freemasonry and American Culture, Berkeley, CA, 2014. Another fundamental study. Accounts of Masonic procession in Charleston, quoted p. 19. The book also has a fine chapter on Native-American Masonry.

E. Hatton, New View of London: or an Ample account of that City, London, 1708. A ‘fraternity of … many of the Nobility and Gentry’, p. 611.

J. Herron Lepper, ‘The Earl of Middlesex and the English Lodge in Florence’, AQC, 58, 1945.

C. Hobson, ‘Valentine Strong – Cotswold Stonemason’, Fairford History Society Occasional Paper, 3, 2006.

M.C. Jacob, Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth- Century Europe, Oxford, 1991. A ground-breaking study I have drawn on across the London and Paris chapters. On Masonry as a ‘phantom’ of Liberty, see p. 203.

M.C. Jacob, The Origins of Freemasonry: Facts & Fictions, Philadelphia, PA, 2006.

L. Jardine, On a Grander Scale: The Outstanding Career of Sir Christopher Wren, London, 2002.

D. Knoop and G.P. Jones, The London Mason in the Seventeenth Century, Manchester, 1935.

B. Krysmanski, ‘Lust in Hogarth’s Sleeping Congregation – Or, How to Waste Time in Post-Puritan England’, Art History, 21, 3 September 1998; on a cartoon of Desaguliers giving a boring sermon.

J.M. Landau, ‘Muslim Opposition to Freemasonry’, Die Welt des Islams, 36 (2), 1996.

J. Lane, Masonic Records 1717–1894 (2nd edn), London, 1895.

J. Lang, Rebuilding St Paul’s after the Great Fire of London, Oxford, 1956.

N. Leask, ‘Robert Burns’, in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature, Cambridge, 2012.

J. Macky, A Journey Through England in Familiar Letters from a Gentleman Here, to his Friend Abroad, 2nd edn, London, 1722, i. ‘An infinity of CLUBS, or SOCIETIES’, p. 287.

R.K. Marshall, ‘Davison [Davidson], Jeremiah (c. 1695–1745)’ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, 2008. Online version consulted 23 April 2017.

H. Morrison, ‘“Making Degenerates into Men” by Doing Shots, Breaking Plates, and Embracing Brothers in Eighteenth-Century Freemasonry’, Journal of Social History, 46 (1), 2012. Covers Mozart and Haydn’s revels in their Lodge.

M. Mulvey Roberts, British Poets and Secret Societies, London, 1986; on Burns.

A. Newman, ‘Politics and Freemasonry in the Eighteenth Century’, AQC, 104, 1991.

R. Péter, ‘The “Fair Sex” in a “Male Sect”: Gendering the Role of Women in Eighteenth-Century English Freemasonry’, in M. Fedelma Cross (ed.), Gender and Fraternal Orders in Europe, 1300–2000, Basingstoke, 2010.

A. Pink, ‘Robin Hood and Her Merry Women: Modern Masons in an Early Eighteenth-Century London Pleasure Garden’, Journal for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism, 4 (1–2; single issue), 2013.

M.G.H. Pittock, Inventing and Resisting Britain: Cultural Identities in Britain and Ireland, 1685–1789, Basingstoke, 1997.

W. Read, ‘Let a man’s religion … be what it may’, AQC, 98, 1985. Cites the case of English Freemasonry’s first Catholic Grand Master.

C. Révauger, ‘Les femmes et la franc-maçonnerie, des origines à nos jours’, REHMLAC: Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña, 4 (2), December 2012 to April 2013. On some exceptional early cases of female Masons.

M.D.J. Scanlan, ‘Freemasonry and the mystery of the Acception, 1630 to 1723 – a fatal flaw’, in R.W. Weisberger et al. (eds), Freemasonry on Both Sides of the Atlantic, New York, 2002, ‘A Great Convention at St Paul’s of the Fraternity of Accepted Masons’, quoted p. 171.

S. Schaffer, ‘The Show That Never Ends: Perpetual Motion in the Early Eighteenth Century’, The British Journal for the History of Science, 28 (2), 1995. Very useful on Desaguliers.

J.M. Shaftesley and M. Rosenbaum, ‘Jews in English Regular Freemasonry, 1717– 1860’, Transactions & Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England), 25, 1973–5.

J.M. Shaftesley, ‘Jews in English Freemasonry in the 18th and 19th Centuries’, AQC, 92, 1979.

D.S. Shields, ‘Franklin and the republic of letters’, in C. Mulford (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Benjamin Franklin, Cambridge, 2008.

Ev. Ph. Shirley, ‘Remarkable Clubs and Societies, 1748’, Notes and Queries, 27 July 1878. For names of strange clubs, p. 65.

L.B. Smith, ‘Wharton, Philip James, duke of Wharton and Jacobite duke of Northumberland (1698–1731)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, 2008. Online version consulted 3 May 2017.

W. Speck, ‘Whigs and Tories dim their glories: English political parties under the first two Georges’, in J. Cannon (ed.), The Whig Ascendancy: Colloquies on Hanoverian England, London, 1981.

D. Stevenson, The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland’s Century, 1590–1710, Cambridge, 1988. ‘An exclusive cell within the London Company’, p. 281. ‘1000 ridiculous postures and grimmaces’, quoted p. 137.

D. Stevenson, ‘James Anderson, Man and Mason’, Heredom: Transactions of the Scottish Rite Research Society, 10, 2002.

P. Sugden, ‘Veil, Sir Thomas de (1684–1746)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, 2004. Online version consulted 1 May 2017.

A. Tinniswood, His Invention So Fertile: A Life of Christopher Wren, London, 2001.

A. Vickery, The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England, New Haven, CT, 1998.

E. Ward, A Compleat and Humorous Account of All the Remarkable Clubs and Societies in the Cities of London and Westminster, London, 1756. ‘Crepitations’, p. 31.

S. Wren (ed.), Parentalia Or Memoirs of the Family of the Wrens Viz. of Mathew Bishop of Ely, Christopher Dean of Windsor … But Chiefly of — Surveyor- general of the Royal Buildings … Now Published by Stephen Wren, London, 1750. For the account of the topping-out ceremony, p. 293.

J. Wright, Phoenix Paolina: A Poem on the New Fabrick of St Paul’s Cathedral, London, 1709.

Κεφάλαιο 5: Παρίσι: Πόλεμος εναντίον του Χριστού και της λατρείας του. Πόλεμος εναντίον των βασιλέων και όλων των θρόνων τους

L. Aimable, Une Loge Maçonnique d’avant 1789: les Neuf Soeurs, Paris, 1897. Anon., L’adoption ou La maçonnerie des femmes, Paris(?), 1775. The opening quotation, from pp. 10f., has been reorganised to be clearer in this context.

P. Barbier and F. Vernillat, Histoire de France par les Chansons, vol. 4, La Révolution, Paris, 1957. ‘We Masons have a zealous Brother’, pp. 20–1.

A. Barruel,  Mémoires pour  servir à  l’histoire du  jacobinisme, 5 vols,  Hamburg, 1798–9. ‘Everything in the French Revolution, everything right down’, vol. 1, p. viii. ‘If Jacobinism triumphs’, vol. 1, p. 3. ‘War on Christ and his cult’, vol. 2, p. 280. Final stages of the conspiracy convergence in vol. 4, ch. XI. On losing incriminating letters, vol. 2, p. 465. ‘Exterminating Angel’, vol. 2, p. 468.

P.-Y. Beaurepaire, L’autre et le frère: L’étranger et la Franc-Maçonnerie en France au XVIII siècle, Paris, 1998; ‘all those profanes [i.e. non-Masons] who have the misfortune to be Jews’, quoted p. 566.

R. Berman, The Foundations of Modern Freemasonry: The Grand Architects, Political Change and the Scientific Enlightenment, 1714–1740, Brighton, 2012.

J.H. Bloch, ‘Women and the reform of the Nation’, in E. Jacobs et al. (eds), Woman and Society in Eighteenth-Century France, London, 1979.

C. Brinton, ‘Revolutionary Symbolism in the Jacobin Clubs’, The American Historical Review, 32 (4), 1927.

J.M. Burke, ‘Through Friendship to Feminism: The Growth in Self-Awareness Among Eighteenth-Century Women Freemasons’, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, 14, 1987.

J.M. Burke, ‘Freemasonry, Friendship and Noblewomen: The Role of the Secret Society in Bringing Enlightenment Thought to Pre-revolutionary Women Elites’, History of European Ideas, 10 (3), 1989. ‘She was imprisoned and summarily executed’, p. 289.

J.M. Burke, ‘Leaving the Enlightenment: Women Freemasons after the Revolution’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 33 (2), Colonial Encounters (Winter, 2000). ‘There is no question that an incipient type of feminism’, p. 256.

J.M. Burke and M.C. Jacob, ‘French Freemasonry, Women, and Feminist Scholarship’, The Journal of Modern History, 68 (3), 1996.

S. Burrows, J. Conlin, R. Goulbourne, V. Mainz (eds), The Chevalier D’Eon and his Worlds: Gender, Espionage and Politics in the Eighteenth Century, London, 2010.

J. Casanova de Seingalt, Histoire de ma vie. Suivie de textes inédits, Paris, 1993. ‘In this day and age, any young man’, tome I, vol. 3, ch. VII p. 553. ‘Fine suppers in the company of pretty girls’, tome III, vol. 12, ch. VI, p. 957.

R. Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution, London, 1991. On Masonry and secularization, pp. 92–110.

E. Chaussin, ‘D’Éon and Tonnerre’, in S. Burrows, J. Conlin, R. Goulbourne and

V. Mainz, 2010, op cit. ‘Despite her transformation’, p. 78.

W.J. Chetwode Crawley, ‘The Chevalier d’Éon’, AQC, 16, 1903. ‘If we are permitted to conjecture’, p. 251.

P. Chevallier, Les Ducs sous l’Acacia. Les premiers pas de la Franc-Maçonnerie française, 1725–1743, Paris, 1964.

P. Chevallier, Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie Française. Tome I. La Maçonnerie: École de l’Égalité, 1725–1799, Paris, 1974. ‘Inextricable Scottish mess’, Gaston Martin, quoted p. 185.

L.F. Cody, ‘Sex, Civility, and the Self: Du Coudray, D’Eon, and Eighteenth-Century Conceptions of Gendered, National, and Psychological Identity’, French Historical Studies, 24 (3), 2001.

R. Darnton, Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France, London, 1968.

R. Darnton, ‘Cherchez la Femme’, New York Review of Books, 10 August 1995. Review of Monsieur d’Eon is a Woman: A Tale of Political Intrigue and Sexual Masquerade by G. Kates.

S. Desan, ‘What’s After Political Culture? Recent French Revolutionary Historiography’, French Historical Studies, 23 (1), 2000.

C. Francovich, ‘Balsamo, Giuseppe’, Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, vol. 5, Rome, 1963.

P. Friedland, Seeing Justice Done: The Age of Spectacular Capital Punishment in France, Oxford, 2012.

G. Giarrizzo, Massoneria e illuminismo, Venice, 1994.

D. Goodman, The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment, Ithaca, NY, 1994. On Guillotin’s Masonry, passim.

R.F. Gould, The Concise History of Freemasonry, revised by F.J.W. Crowe, New York, 2007 (1920).

R. Halévi, ‘Les origins intellectuelles de la Révolution française: de la Maçonnerie au Jacobinisme’, in É. François (ed.), Sociabilité et société bourgeoise en France, en Allemagne et en Suisse, 1750–1850, Paris, 1986.

G. Hivert-Messeca and Y. Hivert-Messeca, Comment la Franc-Maçonnerie vint aux femmes: Deux siècles de Franc-Maçonnerie d’adoption féminine et mixte en France, 1740–1940, Paris, 1997. Eighty-two per cent of Adoption Lodge women were aristocrats, pp. 115–21.

R. Hofstadter, ‘The Paranoid Style in American Politics’, Harper’s Magazine, November 1964.

O. Homberg and F. Jousselin, Un aventurier au XVIIIe siècle. Le Chevalier d’Éon (1728–1810), Paris, 1904. ‘I enclose an invitation to this ceremony’, from d’Éon’s unpublished papers cited p. 279. ‘His – or her – chin is adorned’, quoted p. 206.

S.J. Horowitz, ‘What’s Behind Hip Hop’s Illuminati Music Obsession?’, http://www.complex.com/music/hip-hop-illuminati-obsession; consulted 2 March 2017.

J.I. Israel, Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750–1790, Oxford, 2011. ‘Traitorous and hostile to religion’, quoted p. 842.

A. Joly, Un mystique Lyonnais et les secrets de la Franc-Maçonnerie, 1730–1824, Macon, 1938. On Willermoz.

C. Jones, The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon, 1715–99, London, 2002.

F. Jupeau Réquillard, L’initiation des femmes, ou, Le souci permanent des francs- maçons français, Monaco, 2000. ‘Oh my Sisters! How sweet it is’, quoted p. 300.

G. Kates, ‘The Transgendered World of the Chevalier/Chevalière d’Eon’, The Journal of Modern History, 67 (3), 1995.

M.L. Kennedy, The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The First Years, Princeton, NJ, 1982.

R. Le Forestier, Les Illuminés de Bavière et la Franc-Maçonnerie Allemande, Paris, 1914.

R. Le Forestier, La Franc-Maçonnerie templière et occultiste aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, Paris, 1970.

E. Lever, Philippe Égalité, Paris, 1996.

D. Ligou (ed.), Chansons Maçonniques 18e et 19e siècles, Paris, 1972.

D. Ligou, Dictionnaire universel de la Franc-Maçonnerie, Paris, tome 2, 1974. Among my sources for the strange varieties of rites and Degrees, pp. 1105–31.

D. Ligou (ed.), Dictionnaire de la Franc-maçonnerie, Paris, 1987. On Chaillon de Jonville, pp. 209–10. On Orléans/Égalité, pp. 874–5. On Condorcet, p. 289. On Guillotin, p. 550. On Égalité’s wife and sister, p. 154.

D. Ligou (et al.), Histoire des francs-maçons en France 1725–1815, Toulouse, 2000.

K. Loiselle, Brotherly Love: Freemasonry and Male Friendship in Enlightenment France, Ithaca, 2014. On the prominence of suspicions of sodomy surrounding French Freemasonry, pp. 94–5. On the use of Masonic terms in gay subculture, pp. 94–8; 1777, Adoption procedures used as a pretext to invite prostitutes into Lodges, p. 99.

S. Mandelbrote, ‘Ramsay, Andrew Michael [Jacobite Sir Andrew Ramsay, baronet] (1686–1743)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, 2004, online edn, consulted 21 July 2017.

D.M. McMahon, Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity, Oxford, 2001. ‘The whole of the wonderful narrative’, quoted p. 113.

P. McPhee, The French Revolution, 1789–1799, Oxford, 2002.

D. Menozzi, ‘Cattolicesimo e massoneria nell’età della Rivoluzione francese’, in Cazzaniga (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006.

P. Négrier (ed.), Textes fondateurs de la tradition maçonnique 1390–1760: Introduction à la pensée de la franc-maçonnerie primitive, Paris, 1995. Ramsay discourse reproduced pp. 303–35.

C. Porset, ‘Cagliostro e la massoneria’, in Cazzaniga (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006.

J. Quéniart, Culture et Société Urbaines dans la France de l’Ouest au XVIIIe siècle, Paris, 1978. On priests and curates as Masons in Angers and Mans, p. 450.

M. Rapport, ‘The international repercussions of the French Revolution’, in P. McPhee (ed.), A Companion to the French Revolution, Oxford, 2013.

M. Riquet, Augustin De Barruel: Un jésuite face aux Jacobins francs-maçons, 1741– 1820, Paris, 1989.

H.G. Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, De la monarchie Prussienne sous Frederic le Grand, tome 5, London, 1788. ‘Oddities, contradictions and mysteries’, and other quotes on German Masonry, pp. 64–9.

J.M. Roberts, The Mythology of the Secret Societies, London, 1972. The classic history, which I have drawn on repeatedly in the eighteenth- and early nineteenth- century chapters of this book. On Shelley and Barruel, pp. 211–13.

J. Robison, Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the Religions and Governments of Europe, carried on in the secret meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies, New York, 1798 (1797).

D. Roche, ‘Sociabilitiés et politique de l’Ancien Régime à la Révolution’, French Politics and Society, 7 (3), ‘Commemorating the French Revolution’ (Summer 1989).

J.M.J. Rogister, ‘D’Éon de Beaumont, Charles Geneviève Louis Auguste André Timothée, Chevalier D’Éon in the French nobility (1728–1810)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Online version dated 4 October 2012, consulted 4 August 2017.

J. Smith Allen, ‘Sisters of Another Sort: Freemason Women in Modern France, 1725–1940’, The Journal of Modern History, 75 (4), December 2003. On the difficulties of calculating the number of female Masons, p. 803.

J. Snoek, Initiating Women in Freemasonry: The Adoption Rite, Leiden, 2012.

J. Snoek, ‘The Adoption Rite, its Origins, Opening up for Women, and its “Craft” Rituals’, REHMLAC: Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña, 4 (2), December 2012 to April 2013.

W.R.H. Trowbridge, The Splendour and Misery of a Master of Magic, London, 1910. On Cagliostro’s initiation, pp. 111ff.

R. Van Dülmen, The Society of the Enlightenment: The Rise of the Middle Class and Enlightenment Culture in Germany, Cambridge, 1992. Sixty-four of the 454 members clergymen or theologians, p. 109. ‘Princes and nations shall disappear’, quoted p. 113.

J. Van Horn Melton, The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe, Cambridge, 2001.

R.W. Weisberger, Speculative Freemasonry and the Enlightenment: A study of the Craft in London, Paris, Prague, and Vienna, New York, 1993.

R.A. Wells, The Rise and Development of Organised Freemasonry, London, 1986.

W.D. Wilson, ‘Weimar Politics in the Age of the French Revolution: Goethe and the Spectre of Illuminati Conspiracy’, Goethe Yearbook, 5, 1990.

G.S. Wood, ‘Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century’, The William and Mary Quarterly, 39 (3), 1982.

https://vigilantcitizen.com/ ‘Symbols Rule the World’, consulted 4 August 2019.

Κεφάλαιο 6: Νεάπολις: Μια καλπάζουσα νόσος

J.-C. Bésuchet de Saunois, Précis historique de l’ordre de la franc-maçonnerie: depuis son introduction en France jusqu’en 1829, Paris, 1829, vol. 2. ‘Perhaps never was an Adoption Lodge’, p. 153.

J.H. Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith, London, 1980. ‘The modern revolutionary tradition’, p. 87.

D. Bocchini, ‘Breve storia filosoficha delle sette del Regno di Napoli’, in Archivio di Stato di Napoli, Archivio Tommasi, busta XI. Now reproduced in Gin, L’aquila, il giglio e il compasso. Twenty-three thousand Trinitarians, p. 204.

M.A. Caffio, Il gioco delle appartenenze. Strategie associative e pratiche del potere in Terra d’Otranto (1760–1821), Bari, 2007.

A. Capece Minutolo (Duke of Canosa), Abbozzo riservato di un piano politico-morale onde neutralizzare il Sistema massonico, paralizzarne i progressi e farlo divenire utile ai sovrani, alla religione cattolica ed ai stati, in Carte Canosa, Archivio di Stato di Napoli, Archivio Borbone, vol. 729, ‘Memorie ed opuscoli antirivoluzi- onari ed anti liberali (1797–1832)’.

‘Career’, entry in The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford, 1993.

C. Cassani, ‘De Attellis, Orazio’, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 33, 1987.

N. Castagna, La sollevazione d’Abruzzo nell’anno 1814, Rome, 1884.

G.M. Cazzaniga, ‘Origini ed evoluzioni dei rituali carbonari italiani’, in Cazzaniga (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006.

E.M. Church, Chapters in an Adventurous Life: Sir Richard Church in Italy and Greece, London, 1895.

Z. Ciuffoletti, ‘La Massoneria napoleonica in Italia’, in Z. Ciuffoletti and S. Moravia,

La Massoneria. La storia, gli uomini, le idee, 2nd edn, Milan, 2016.

F. Collaveri, La franc-maçonnerie des Bonaparte, Paris, 1982.

P. Colletta, Storia del Reame di Napoli dal 1734 al 1823, tomo III, Capolago, 1834. Murat’s entry into Naples 1808, p. 93. ‘Aim at the heart. Spare my face’, p. 53. ‘If the accused are Charcoal-Burners’, pp. 63–4.

F. Conti, ‘La Massoneria e la costruzione della nazione italiana dal Risorgimento al fascismo’, in Z. Ciuffoletti and S. Moravia, La Massoneria. La storia, gli uomini, le idee, 2nd edn, Milan, 2016.

N. Cortese, ‘Le prima condanne murattiane della Carboneria’, Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane, 34, 1955. ‘Cultivating democratic principles’, quoted p. 234. ‘These clandestine unions use brotherly love’, quoted p. 306.

N. Cortese, ‘Il Murat e la Carboneria napoletana nella prima metà del 1814’, Studi Storici in onore di Gioacchino Volpe, vol. 1, Florence, 1958.

J.A. Davis, Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions (1780–1860), Oxford, 2006.

M. Dayet, ‘Pierre-Joseph Briot. Lucien Bonaparte et les Carbonari’, Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française, 1, 1953.

A. De Francesco, Vincenzo Cuoco. Una vita politica, Rome/Bari, 1997. Caroline Bonaparte believed Maghella was behind the creation of the Carbonari, p. 115.

A. De Francesco, ‘La Carboneria in Sicilia: notabilato politico o politica notabilare’, in G. Berti and F. Della Peruta (eds), La Carboneria. Intrecci veneti, nazionali e internazionali, Rovigo, 2004.

C. De Nicola, Diario napoletano dal 1799 al 1825, Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane, 1903.

J. Dickie, Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia, London, 2003. ‘An intangible sect whose organization’, quoted p. 69.

O. Dito, Massoneria, Carboneria e altre società segrete nella storia del Risorgimento italiano, Turin/Rome, 1905.

J.-P. Garnier, Murat. Roi de Naples, Paris, 1959.

F. Giampietri, ‘Rapporti Giampietri al Re’, Archivio di Stato di Napoli, Ministero di Grazia e Giustizia, busta 2083. ‘Rapporti su carbonari fra popolani e carcerati, e massoni’, ibid., busta 2080. ‘Men hardened by the path of crime’, Giampietri to King, 8 June 1818 in busta 2083.

J.-C. Gillet, Murat 1767–1815, Paris, 2008.

E. Gin, Sanfedisti, Carbonari, Magistrati del Re. Il Regno delle Due Sicilie tra Restaurazione e Rivoluzione, Naples, 2003. ‘Ready to plunge itself into anarchic horrors’, quoted p. 53.

E. Gin, L’aquila, il giglio e il compasso. Profili di lotta politica ed associazionismo settario nelle Due Sicilie (1806–1821), Salerno, 2007. ‘I tell you again, Sire’, quoted p. 67. Murat contemplated simply killing the leadership, p. 75.

V. Haegele, Murat. La solitude du cavalier, Paris, 2015.

Y. Hivert-Messeca, L’Europe sous l’Acacia. Histoire des franc-maçonneries europée- nnes du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours, 2 Le XIXe siècle, Paris, 2014.

R. Lansdown, ‘Byron and the Carbonari’, History Today, vol. 41, 1991. ‘The

C[arbonari] seem to have no plan’, quoted p. 24.

D. Laven and R. Riall (eds), Napoleon’s Legacy: Problems of Government in Restoration Europe, Oxford, 2000.

F.M. Lo Faro, ‘Maghella, Antonio’, Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, vol. 67, Rome, 2006. For descriptions of Maghella as ‘shadowy’ and ‘enigmatic’ see passim.

A. Lucarelli, Il brigantaggio politico del Mezzogiorno d’Italia, Bari, 1942. ‘A raving sickness’, quoted p. 153. Descriptions of Ciro Annicchiarico, quoted p. 107. Six thousand Cauldron-Beaters in 1815, p. 24.

B. Marcolongo, ‘Le origini della Carboneria e le Società segrete nell’Italia Meridionale dal 1810 al 1820’, Studi Storici, Pavia, vol. XX, nuova serie vol. II, Pavia, 1911–12.

G. Masi, ‘Federici, Vincenzo, detto Capobianco’, in Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, vol. 45, Rome, 1995.

F. Mastroberti, Pierre Joseph Briot. Un giacobino tra amministrazione e politica (1771–1827), Naples, 1998.

W. Maturi, Il principe di Canosa, Florence, 1944. ‘By the different sects and by perverse philosophy’, quoted p. 3.

C. Porset and C. Révauger (eds), Le Monde maçonnique des Lumières, vol. 1, Paris, 2013. On Josephine and Masonry, pp. 289–93.

A. Postigliola, ‘Capece Minutolo, Antonio, principe di Canosa’, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 18, Rome, 1975.

A.M. Rao, ‘La massoneria nel Regno di Napoli’, in Cazzaniga (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006.

R.J. Rath, ‘The Carbonari: Their Origins, Initiation Rites, and Aims’, The American Historical Review, 69 (2), 1964; for estimate of numbers of Carbonari at the peak.

G. Rota, ‘Società politica e rivoluzione nel Mezzogiorno: la Carboneria palermitana,

1820–22’, Rivista Italiana di Studi Napoleonici, 1991.

A. Scirocco, L’Italia del Risorgimento, Bologna, 1990.

J. Smyth, ‘Freemasonry and the United Irishmen’, in The United Irishmen: Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion, D. Dickson et al. (eds), Dublin, 1993.

R. Sòriga, ‘Gli inizi della Carboneria in Italia secondo un rapporto segreto del Generale Giuseppe Rossetti’, in Le società segrete, l’emigrazione politica e i primi moti per l’indipendenza, Modena, 1942.

R. Sòriga, ‘Le società segrete e i moti del 1820 a Napoli’, in Le società segrete, l’emigrazione politica e i primi moti per l’indipendenza, Modena, 1942.

J. Tulard, Murat. Ou l’éveil des nations, Paris, 1983.

A. Valente, Gioacchino Murat e l’Italia meridionale, Turin, 1965.

A. Zazo, ‘Il principe Canosa e le sette nel Regno di Napoli (1815–1818)’, Samnium, VIII, 3–4, 1935.

Κεφάλαιο 7: Ουάσιγκτον: Μια Στοά για τις αρετές

C.L. Albanese, Sons of the Fathers: The Civil Religion of the American Revolution, Philadelphia, PA, 1976.

A. Allyn, Ritual of Freemasonry, Philadelphia, PA, 1831. Version of Royal Arch ceremony, pp. 127–8.

Anon., An account of the reception of General Lafayette in Savannah, Savannah, GA, 1825.

G.J. Baldasty, ‘The New York State Political Press and Antimasonry’, New York History, 64 (3), 1983. By the end of 1827, there were twenty-two anti-Masonic papers in New York State; p. 266.

D. Bernard, Light on Masonry, Utica, NY, 1829. Version of Royal Arch ceremony, p. 130. ‘I do promise and swear … that I will promote a companion R[oyal] A[rch] Mason’s political preferment’, ibid.

Book of Mormon, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/, consulted 15 November 2017. ‘And it came to pass that [the Gadianton robbers] did have their signs’, The Book of Helaman, ch. 6, verses 22 and 24. ‘Fill the judgment-seats–having usurped the power and authority of the land’, The Book of Helaman, ch. 7, verse 4. ‘A lamb-skin about their loins’, 3 Nephi, ch. 4, verse 7.

K.R. Bowling, The Creation of Washington, DC: The Idea and Location of the American Capital, Fairfax, VA, 1991.

F.M. Brodie, No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith, 2nd edn, New York, 1995. Two thousand repetitions of ‘it came to pass’, p. 63. Number of Smith’s wives, pp. 334–47. ‘Is there no help for the widow’s son?’, reported pp. 393–4.

J.L. Brooke, The Refiner’s Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844, Cambridge, 1996. On the Smith family’s Masonic connections, and other links to his early followers, see pp. 140–4 and pp. 157–9. On Masonic and other influ- ences on the portrayal of Gadianton bands, pp. 149–83.

H. Brown, A Narrative of the anti-Masonick Excitement, Batavia, NY, 1829. ‘The masons arrayed in robes of royalty’, quoted p. 151.

S.M. Brown, In Heaven as it is on Earth: Joseph Smith and the Early Mormon Conquest of Death, Oxford, 2012. On Smith’s marriage to Morgan’s widow, p. 11.

D.J. Buerger, ‘The Development of the Mormon Temple Endowment Ceremony’, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 20 (4), 1987. On Masonic ceremonies as a copy of those of the Mormons’, p. 92.

S.C. Bullock, Revolutionary Brotherhood: Freemasonry and the Transformation of the American Social Order, 1730–1840, Chapel Hill, NC, 1996. A fundamental study I have drawn on heavily in this chapter. ‘The first temple dedicated to the sovereignty’, quoted pp. 137–8. There were more Lodges in America than there had been in the whole of the rest of the world, p. 138. Figures on the expansion of Masonry in New York State before 1825, pp. 187–8.

R.L. Bushman, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling, New York, 2006.

E. Bussiere, ‘Trial by Jury as “Mockery of Justice”: Party Contention, Courtroom Corruption, and the Ironic Judicial Legacy of Antimasonry’, Law and History Review, 34 (1), 2016.

J.A. Carroll and M.W. Ashworth, George Washington, vol. VII, First in Peace, London, 1957. GW’s funeral, pp. 627–31.

J.J. Ellis, His Excellency George Washington, New York, 2004. For GW’s religious beliefs, p. 45.

R.P. Formisano and K. Smith Kutolowski, ‘Antimasonry and Masonry: The Genesis of Protest, 1826–1827’, American Quarterly, 29 (2), 1977.

K.W. Godfrey, ‘Joseph Smith and the Masons’, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 64 (1), 1971. By 1843 more Mormon than non-Mormon Masons, p. 89.

P. Goodman, Towards a Christian Republic: Antimasonry and the Great Transition in New England, 1826–1836, Oxford, 1988. On the religious roots of anti-Masonry, pp. 54–79. On the evolution of anti-Masonic politics, pp. 105–19.

D.G. Hackett, That Religion in which All Men Agree: Freemasonry in American Culture, Berkeley, CA, 2014. A key study I have drawn on repeatedly here. Forty-two per cent of GW’s generals, p. 287. In the first quarter of the nineteenth century, membership more than tripled, p. 72.

C.M. Harris, ‘Washington’s Gamble, L’Enfant’s Dream: Politics, Design, and the Founding of the National Capital’, The William and Mary Quarterly, 56 (3), 1999.

S. Hayden, Washington and His Masonic Compeers, New York, 1869. ‘See WASHINGTON, he leads the train’, quoted p. 51. ‘With unspeakable pleasure we gratulate you’, quoted p. 132. ‘The fabric of our freedom is placed’, p. 135. ‘A sanctuary for brothers, and a lodge for the virtues’, quoted p. 165. GW’s funeral, pp. 197–208.

M.W. Homer, Joseph’s Temples: The Dynamic Relationship between Freemasonry and Mormonism, Salt Lake City, UT, 2014.

H.B. Hopkins, Renunciation of Freemasonry, Boston, MA, 1830. ‘Supported by all the wisest and best of men in every age’, and on Hopkins’ Royal Arch exaltation, pp. 5–8.

G.E. Kahler, The Long Farewell: Americans Mourn the Death of George Washington, Charlottesville, VA, 2008. ‘Genius of Masonry’, pp. 86–104.

O. Lohrenz, ‘Thomas Davis, Jr.: Officiating Clergyman at the Funeral and Burial of President George Washington’, Anglican and Episcopal History, 73 (2), 2004.

P.K. Longmore, ‘The Enigma of George Washington: How Did the Man Become the Myth?’, Reviews in American History, June 1985.

P.K. Longmore, The Invention of George Washington, Berkeley, CA, 1988.

W.D. Moore and J.D. Hamilton, ‘Washington as the Master of his Lodge: History and Symbolism of a Masonic Icon’, in B.J. Mitnick (ed.), George Washington: American Symbol, New York, 1999.

S.P. Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic, Philadelphia, PA, 1997.

B.E. Park, ‘Joseph Smith’s Kingdom of God: The Council of Fifty and the Mormon Challenge to American Democratic Politics’, Church History, 87 (4), 2018. ‘That this honorable assembly receive from this time henceforth’, quoted p. 1048.

D. Persuitte, Joseph Smith and the Origins of the Book of Mormon, Jefferson, NC, 2000. For borrowings from the Morgan affair, pp. 192–8.

J.H. Pratt, An authentic account of all the proceedings on the fourth of July, 1815, with regard to laying the corner stone of Washington monument, Baltimore, MD, 1815. ‘Honourable sir, on behalf of the free and accepted masons’, p. 15.

S. Pruitt, ‘Contents of Boston Time Capsule Buried by Samuel Adams and Paul Revere Unveiled’, 7 January 2015, http://www.history.com/news/contents-of-boston-time-capsule-buried-by-samuel-adams-and-paul-revere-unveiled, consulted 7 August 2017.

S.J. Purcell, Sealed with Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America, Philadelphia, PA, 2002. On Lafayette’s tour, pp. 171–209.

E.L. Queen II, et al. (eds), The Encyclopedia of American Religious History, Boston, 2009. Entry on Church of LDS, pp. 127–8, includes figure of 16 million members.

D.M. Quinn, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, Salt Lake City, UT, 1998.

C. Raible, ‘“The threat of being Morganized will not deter us”: William Lyon MacKenzie, Freemasonry, and the Morgan Affair’, Ontario History, Spring 2008. ‘To be executed with savage cruelty’, quoted p. 18.

K.L. Riley, Lockport: Historic Jewel of the Erie Canal, Charleston, SC, 2005. On the ceremony at the locks, p. 46.

K. Smith Kutolowski, ‘Freemasonry and Community in the Early Republic: The Case for Antimasonic Anxieties’, American Quarterly, 34 (5), 1982.

K. Smith Kutolowski, ‘Antimasonry Reexamined: Social Bases of the Grass-Roots Party’, The Journal of American History, 71 (2), 1984.

K. Smith Kutolowski, ‘Freemasonry revisited: Another look at the grassroots bases of antimasonic anxieties’, in R.W. Weisberger et al. (eds), Freemasonry on Both Sides of the Atlantic, New York, 2002. On the social and religious profile of Masons in Genesee County, pp. 589–92.

F. Somkin, Unquiet Eagle: Memory and Desire in the Idea of American Freedom, 1815–1860, Ithaca, NY, 1967. On Lafayette’s tour, pp. 131–74.

H.G. Spafford, A Gazetteer of the State of New York, Albany, NY, 1824. ‘American Mediterranea’, p. 102.

W.L. Stone, Letters on Masonry and Anti-Masonry, New York, 1832. The most important contemporary account. ‘Morgan is considered a swindler’, quoted p. 133. ‘Two swivels, fifteen or twenty guns, and several pistols’, p. 153. Judge Enos T. Throop’s remarks, p. 201. ‘Mountebank Anti-masonic professors of Masonry’, p. 294. ‘As well might they think of establishing Mahometanism’, p. 563. All but two convicted were Royal Arch Masons, p. 414.

L. Travers, ‘“In the greatest solemn dignity”: the Capitol cornerstone and ceremony in the early Republic’, in D.R. Kennon (ed.), A Republic for the Ages: The United States Capitol and the Political Culture of the Early Republic, Charlottesville, VA, 1999. The best account of the ceremony.

M. Twain, Roughing It, Hartford, CT, 1873. His account of Mormonism, pp. 127–35. ‘Chloroform in print’, p. 127.

W.P. Vaughn, The Antimasonic Party in the United States, 1826–1843, Lexington, KY, 1983. ‘There is blood upon the order of Masonry’, and for religious anti- Masonry, pp. 14–24. On collapse in Masonic membership, p. 52 and passim.

D. Vogel, ‘Mormonism’s “Anti-Masonick Bible”’, The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal, vol. 9, 1989.

Watch Tower, Cooperstown, NY. For anti-Masonic newspaper coverage of the Morgan affair. ‘A profanation and a mockery of sacred and holy ordinances’, article on Anti-Masonic convention held in Cooperstown in county of Otsego, 14 July 1828. ‘The hand of an overruling Providence’, 29 October 1927.

T.S. Webb, The Freemason’s Monitor; or, Illustrations of Masonry, Salem, MA, 1818. ‘Indescribably more august, sublime, and important’, p. 127.

G.S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787, New York, 1993 (1969).

G.S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815, Oxford, 2009.

See http://www.mormonthink.com/temple.htm#didthemasons, consulted 16 November 2017, for a detailed table of parallels between Mormonism and Masonry, and changes made in 1990 to the Temple ceremony.

Κεφάλαιο 8: Τσάρλεστον: Οι Αφρικανοί, ιδρυτές της μυστηριώδους και όμορφης Τάξης

T. Adeleke, ‘Martin R. Delany’s Philosophy of Education: A Neglected Aspect of African American Liberation Thought’, The Journal of Negro Education, 63 (2), 1994.

T. Adeleke, ‘Race and Ethnicity in Martin R. Delany’s Struggle’, Journal of Thought, 29 (1), 1994.

T. Adeleke, ‘“Much learning makes men mad”: Classical Education and Black Empowerment in Martin R. Delany’s Philosophy of Education’, Journal of Thought, 49 (1–2), 2015.

K. Allerfeldt, ‘Murderous Mumbo-Jumbo: The Significance of Fraternity to Three Criminal Organizations in Late Nineteenth-Century America’, Journal of American Studies, 50 (4), 2016.

T. Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850’s, New York, 1992.

N.L. Bailey, et al. (eds), Biographical Directory of the South Carolina Senate, 1776– 1985, Columbia, SC, 1986, vol. I. Entry on Gleaves.

R. Blackett, ‘In Search of International Support for African Colonization: Martin

R. Delany’s Visit to England, 1860’, Canadian Journal of History/Annales Canadiennes d’Histoire, 10 (3), 1975.

W.L. Brown, A Life of Albert Pike, Fayetteville, AR, 1997.

The Builder, December 1922, reproduced at http://www.masonicdictionary.com/ mackey.html, consulted 29 April 2018. On Mackey: ‘he made enemies’, ‘he did not forgive’.

M.C. Carnes, Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America, New Haven, CT, 1989.

G.M. Cazzaniga, ‘Nascita del Grande Oriente d’Italia’, in G.M. Cazzaniga (ed.),

Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006.

M.R. Delany, The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States (1852), New York, 1968.

M.R. Delany, The Origin and Objects of Ancient Freemasonry: Its Introduction into the United States, and Legitimacy among Colored Men: A Treatise Delivered Before St. Cyprian Lodge No. 13 June 24th AD 1853–AL 5853, in R.S. Levine, Martin R. Delany: A Documentary Reader, Chapel Hill, NC, 2003. ‘Africans were the authors of this mysterious’, p. 55. ‘Learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians’, p. 53. ‘All men, of every country, clime, color and condition’, p. 57. ‘Will it be denied that the man who appeared before Pharaoh’, p. 64.

M.R. Delany, Blake; or, The Huts of America (ed. J. McGann), Cambridge, MA, 2017 (1861–2).

P.L. Dunbar, ‘Hidden in Plain Sight: African American Secret Societies and Black Freemasonry’, Journal of African American Studies, 16 (4), 2012.

R.L. Duncan, Reluctant General: The Life and Times of Albert Pike, New York, 1961.

L.F. Emilio, A Brave Black Regiment: The History of the 54th Massachusetts, 1863– 1865, Boston, MA, 1894. For an account of the Lodge meeting after the attack on Fort Wagner, pp. 129, 313. ‘The first colored regiment organized in the North’, quoted p. xi. ‘Fort Wagner became a mound of fire’, p. 80. ‘You must remember you have not proved yourselves soldiers’, quoted p. 130. Description of Montgomery, p. 40.

M.W. Fitzgerald, Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South, Chicago, 2007.

E. Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877, New York, 1988. ‘A mass of black barbarism’, from J.S. Pike, The Prostrate State, quoted p. 525.

E. Foner, ‘South Carolina’s black elected officials during Reconstruction’, in J.L. Underwood and W.L. Burke Jr (eds), At Freedom’s Door: African American Founding Fathers and Lawyers in Reconstruction South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 2000.

W.L. Fox, Lodge of the Double-Headed Eagle: Two Centuries of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in America’s Southern Jurisdiction, Fayetteville, AR, 1997. On Northern and Southern Jurisdictions of the Scottish Rite, pp. 30–1. On the Masonic affiliation of officers at Fort Sumter, p. 70. ‘We mean that the white race, and that race alone, shall govern’, quoted p. 439. On Pike and KKK, pp. 81–3. Pike’s move to Washington DC, pp. 99–103.

R. Freke Gould, A Concise History of Freemasonry, London, 1904. For Port-au- Prince, p. 507, and for the spread of the Scottish Rite around the world, passim.

P. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, Cambridge, MA, 1993.

C.E. Griffith, The African Dream: Martin R. Delany and the Emergence of Pan-African Thought, University Park, PA, 1975.

R.B. Harris, Eleven Gentlemen of Charleston: Founders of the Supreme Council, Mother Council of the World, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite Freemasonry, Washington DC, 1959.

W.C. Hine, ‘Black Politicians in Reconstruction Charleston, South Carolina: A Collective Study’, Journal of Southern History, 49 (4), 1983.

T. Holt, Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction, Urbana, IL, 1977. On Mackey’s job as Collector of the Port, pp. 117–18.

W.L. Jenkins, Seizing the New Day: African Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston, Bloomington, IN, 1998. On Delany’s role in establishing calm after Lincoln’s assassination, p. 40.

R.M. Kahn, ‘The Political Ideology of Martin Delany’, Journal of Black Studies, 14 (4), 1984.

S. Kantrowitz, ‘“Intended for the better government of man”: The Political History of African American Freemasonry in the Era of Emancipation’, The Journal of American History, 96 (4), 2010.

S. Kantrowitz, More than Freedom: Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic, 1829–1889, New York, 2012. On Gleaves and the National Grand Lodge, pp. 376–82.

S. Kantrowitz, ‘Brotherhood denied: black freemasonry and the limits of reconstruc- tion’, in P. Hinks and S. Kantrowitz (eds), All Men Free and Brethren: Essays on the History of Africa American Freemasonry, Ithaca, NY, 2013. On accusations against Gleaves, pp. 1019–20.

S. Kaplan and E. Nogrady Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, revised edn, Amherst, MA, 1989. For a biography of Prince Hall, pp. 202–14. ‘In the Bowels of a free & Christian country’, quoted p. 202. ‘They are ashamed of being on equality with blacks’, quoted p. 212. ‘Enjoins upon us to be peaceable subjects’, quoted p. 205.

A.M. Kass, ‘Dr Thomas Hodgkin, Dr Martin Delany, and the “return to Africa”’, Medical History, 27, 1983.

E.J. Kytle, ‘African dreams, American realities: Martin Robison Delany and the emigration question’, in Romantic Reformers and the Antislavery Struggle in the Civil War Era, New York, 2014.

P.D. Lack, ‘An Urban Slave Community: Little Rock, 1831–1862’, The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 41 (3), 1982.

R.S. Levine, Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, and the Politics of Representative Identity, Chapel Hill, NC, 1997.

R.S. Levine, Martin R. Delany: A Documentary Reader, Chapel Hill, NC, 2003. ‘Near-mystical sense of his potential as a black leader’, p. 9.

D. Ligou, Histoire des francs-maçons en France, vol. 1, 1725–1815, Toulouse, 2000. On de Grasse-Tilly, pp. 230–2.

A. Mackey, The Principles of Masonic Law: A Treatise on the Constitutional Laws, Usages and Landmarks of Freemasonry, New York, 1856. ‘The slave, or even the man born in servitude’, ch. I: ‘Of the Qualifications of Candidates’.

A. Mackey, The Voice of Masonry, Debate on ‘The Color Question’, moderated by Mackey, January–June 1876. ‘Masonry recognizes no distinction’, ‘Here then, I rest my case, and bid adieu’, June 1876, pp. 424–5.

A. Mackey, An Encyclopedia of Freemasonry and Its Kindred Sciences: Comprising the Whole Range of Arts, Sciences and Literature as Connected with the Institution, new and revised edn, Philadelphia, PA, 1884.

The News and Herald, Winnsboro, SC, ‘In the toils’, 11 June 1877. Among many newspapers that cover the Gleaves trial.

[A. Pike], Thoughts on Certain Political Questions by A Looker On, Washington, DC, 1859. ‘The negro in his best condition’, pp. 31–2.

A. Pike, ‘The Ku-Klux Klan’, Memphis Daily Appeal, 16 April 1868.

A. Pike, Morals and dogma of the Ancient and accepted Scottish rite of freemasonry: Prepared for the Supreme council of the thirty-third degree, for the Southern jurisdiction of the United States, and published by its authority, Charleston, SC, 1871. ‘The important manifestations of Occultism coincide’, p. 823.

[A. Pike], Liturgy of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States, part IV, Charleston, SC, 1878. ‘Whatever is worth doing at all in this world, is worth doing well’, p. 247. ‘To be true, just, and upright is the basis of all virtue’, p. 243. Knight Kadosh Degree ending in ‘No Apron is worn’, p. 231.

A. Pike, Foulhouzeism and Cerneauism scourged: dissection of a manifesto, New York, 1884.

A. Pike, Indo-Aryan Deities and Worship as Contained in the Rig Veda (1872), Washington DC, 1930.

J. Porter, Native American Freemasonry: Associationalism and Performance in America, Lincoln, NE, 2011. On similarities between Masonry and Native- American belief systems, pp. 140–52. ‘At the vanguard of a historical movement that was preordained’, p. 179.

B.E. Powers Jr, Black Charlestonians: A Social History, 1822–1885, Fayetteville, AR, 1994. Fifty-fourth Regiment paid in the Citadel and establishing school, p. 139. Delany’s medical practice, p. 171.

L. Reece, ‘Righteous lives: a comparative study of the South Carolina scalawag leadership during Reconstruction’, in M.B. Bonner and F. Hamer (eds), Southern Carolina in the Civil War and Reconstruction Eras, Columbia, SC, 2016.

F.A. Rollin, The Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany, Boston, 1883. ‘I entered the city, which, from earliest childhood’, quoted pp. 197–8.

A.G. Roundtree and P.M. Bessel, Out of the Shadows: The Emergence of Prince Hall Freemasonry in America – Over 225 Years of Endurance, Camp Springs, MD, 2006.

A.G. Roundtree, ‘Richard Howell Gleaves’, The Phylaxis, XLV (1), 2018.

H. Rubin III, South Carolina Scalawags, Columbia, SC, 2006. On ‘negro assembly’ and Mackey as a money-grubbing, drunken fraud, pp. 26–30.

T. Shelby, ‘Two Conceptions of Black Nationalism: Martin Delany on the Meaning of Black Political Solidarity’, Political Theory, 31 (5), 2003.

T.D. Smith, ‘Indian territory and Oklahoma’, in F.E. Hoxie (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of American Indian History, Oxford, 2016.

D. Sterling, The Making of an Afro-American: Martin Robison Delany – African Explorer, Civil War Major, & Father of Black Nationalism, New York, 1971. ‘The Moral Elevation of the Africo-American’, p. 81. ‘Damned nigger Democrat’, quoted p. 312.

W.H. Upton, Negro Masonry: Being a Critical Examination of Objections to the Legitimacy of the Masonry Existing Among the Negroes of America, Cambridge, MA, 1902. Pike’s views on ‘negro Masonry’ from 1875 quoted, pp. 214–15.

W.C. Wade, The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America, New York, 1987. On Pike as nominally KKK commander in Arkansas, p. 58.

C.D.B. Walker, A Noble Fight: African American Freemasonry and the Struggle for Democracy in America, Chicago, IL, 2008. For Blake and the influence of the Masonic model on it, pp. 107–15.

J.A. Walkes Jr, Black Square and Compass: 200 Years of Prince Hall Freemasonry, privately published, 1979. For Vogelsang biography, pp. 46–9.

M.O. Wallace, ‘“Are we men?”: Prince Hall, Martin Delany, and the black masculine ideal in black Freemasonry, 1775–1865’, in Constructing the Black Masculine: Identity and Ideality in African American Men’s Literature and Culture, 1775– 1995, Durham, NC, 2002.

C.H. Wesley, The History of the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of the State of Ohio 1849 to 1971, Columbus, OH, 1972.

Κεφάλαιο 9: Ρώμη-Παρίσι: Ο διάβολος τον δέκατο ένατο αιώνα

J. Bernauer and R.A. Maryks (eds), ‘The Tragic Couple’: Encounters Between Jews and Jesuits, Leiden/Boston, 2014.

M. Borutta, ‘Anti-Catholicism and the culture war in Risorgimento Italy’, in S. Patriarca and L. Riall (eds), The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Italy, Basingstoke/New York, 2012.

A. Bresciani, Della Repubblica Romana. Appendice a L’Ebreo di Verona, 2 vols, Milan, 1855.

A. Bresciani, L’Ebreo di Verona, 2 vols, Naples, 1861. ‘The pandemonium of the secret societies’, vol. 1, p. 74. Death of Babette d’Interlaken, vol. 2, p. 52. ‘In his perfidious church’, vol. 1, p. 84.

A. Bresciani, Lionello, 3 vols, Milan, 1877.

The Catholic Times and Catholic Opinion, ‘Leo Taxil interviewed’, 31 July 1885. ‘Supernatural change of heart’, p. 5.

La Civiltà Cattolica, Rome. ‘Le logge israelitiche segrete pienamente illustrate’, 1896: ‘It would be a credit to the most erudite historian’, p. 160. ‘Le mopse. Origini, riti, gradi, educazione rituale’, 1896: Diana as instrument of providence, p. 684. Denying having fallen for the hoax and the Pope’s ‘great serenity’, ‘Cronaca’, 8 May 1897, pp. 30ff.

C. Clark and W. Kaiser (eds), Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth- Century Europe, Cambridge, 2004.

F. Conti, Storia della massoneria italiana: dal Risorgimento al fascismo, Bologna, 2003. ‘Priestly pox’, Adriano Lemmi quoted, p. 143.

F. Conti, ‘Massoneria e sfera pubblica nell’Italia liberale, 1859–1914’, in Cazzaniga (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006.

J. Dickie, ‘Antonio Bresciani and the Sects: Conspiracy Myths in an Intransigent Catholic Response to the Risorgimento’, Modern Italy, 22 (1), 2017.

R. Gildea, Children of the Revolution: The French, 1799–1914, London, 2008.

The Glasgow Herald, 26 July 1870, ‘The storm, to many a superstitious mind’.

Humanum genus. Text consulted on 25 November 2019 at http://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_18840420_humanum-genus.html.

A. Halpern, ‘Freemasonry and Party Building in Late Nineteenth-Century France’, Modern & Contemporary France,’ 10 (2), 2002.

D. Harvey, ‘Lucifer in the City of Light: The Palladium Hoax and “Diabolical Causality” in Fin de Siècle France’. Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft, 1, 2008.

M. Jarrige, L’Église et les Francs-maçons dans la tourmente. Croisade de la revue La Franc-maçonnerie démasquée, Paris, 1999.

W.R.A. Jones, ‘Palladism and the Papacy: an Episode of French Anticlericalism in the Nineteenth Century’, Journal of Church and State, 12 (3), 1970.

D. Kertzer, ‘Religion and society, 1789–1892’, in J.A. Davis (ed.), Italy in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford, 2000.

D. Kertzer, Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes’ Secret Plot to Capture Rome from the New Italian State, Boston, MA, 2004.

H.-C. Lea, Léo Taxil, Diana Vaughan et L’église romaine. Histoire d’une mystifica- tion, Paris, 1901.

O. Logan, ‘A journal. La Civiltà Cattolica from Pius IX to Pius XII (1850–1958)’, in R.N. Swanson (ed.), The Church and the Book, Woodbridge, 2004 (Studies in Church History 38).

G. Miccoli, ‘Leo XIII e la massoneria’, in G.M. Cazzaniga (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006. On Taxil and Vaughan supposedly being murdered before press conference, p. 236.

A. Mola, ‘Muratori del Belpaese’, in Storia e Dossier, August 1994. Numbers of Italian Lodges, p. 94.

P. Nord, The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in 19th-Century France, Cambridge, MA, 1995. Some 40 per cent of civilian ministers of the Third Republic were on the Square, pp. 15–30.

A. Pike, A Reply for the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Free-Masonry to the Letter ‘Humanum Genus’ of Pope Leo XIII, Charleston, SC, 1884. ‘A decla- ration of war against the human race’, p. 28.

J.F. Pollard, Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950, Cambridge, 2005.

J.F. Pollard, Catholicism in Modern Italy: Religion, Society and Politics since 1861, London, 2008.

T. Rouault, Léo Taxil et la Franc Maçonnerie satanique: analyse d’une mystification littéraire, Rosières-en-Haye, 2011. Reproduces newspaper reports of final press conference in Taxil story, which I have drawn on for my account.

La Semaine religieuse du diocèse de Rouen, 15 March 1887.

Syllabus of Errors, text consulted on 25 November 2019 at

http://www.papalencyc licals.net/pius09/p9syll.htm.

L. Taxil, La chasse aux corbeaux, Paris, 1879. A collection of his journalism.

L. Taxil, Les soutanes grotesques, Paris, 1879.

L. Taxil, Le Fils du Jésuite, précédé de Pensées Anti-Cléricales, 2 vols, with an introduction by G. Garibaldi, Paris, 1879.

L. Taxil, Les amours secrètes de Pie IX, Paris, 1881.

L. Taxil, La Bible amusante. Pour les grands et les petits enfants, Paris, 1881.

L. Taxil, La vie de Jésus, Paris, 1882.

L. Taxil, Un Pape femelle (Roman historique), Paris, 1882.

L. Taxil, Calotte et Calotins. Histoire illustrée du clergé et des congregations, vol. 1, Paris, 1885.

L. Taxil, Révélations complètes sur la Franc-Maçonnerie, vol. 1, Les Frères Trois- Points, Paris, 1885. ‘Grotesque and hateful rituals’, p. 4. For the figure of 1,060,005 Brothers in total, see p. 119. ‘Do not laugh. Do not believe that Freemasonry is joking’, p. 254.

L. Taxil, Les soeurs maçonnes, Paris, 1886.

L. Taxil, Confessions d’un ex-libre penseur, Paris, 1887. ‘Inextricable labyrinth of evil’, p. 8.

L. Taxil, Les Assassinats maçonniques, Paris, 1890.

L. Taxil, Y a-t-il des femmes dans la Franc-Maçonnerie?, Paris, 1891. ‘The incarna- tion of Satanism, as if Lucifer’s blood was flowing in her veins’, p. 390.

L. Taxil, Révélations complètes sur la Franc-Maçonnerie, vol. 3, Les Sœurs maçonnes, Paris, 1895. ‘French mothers! Lock up your daughters!’, p. 9. ‘Now that we have grasped the secret meaning in Masonic jargon’, p. 110.

L. Taxil (writing as ‘Dr Bataille’), Le diable au XIXe siècle ou les mystères su spir- itisme, 2 vols, Paris, 1896. ‘The devil has now turned himself into a bacteriologist’, vol. 1, p. 543. ‘The Arcula Mystica is nothing other than a diabolic telephone’, vol. 1, p. 392. ‘Stupefying credulity’, vol. 1, p. 710.

L. Taxil (writing as ‘Miss Diana Vaughan’), Le 33e Crispi. Un Palladiste Homme d’État Démasqué, Paris, 1896.

L. Taxil (writing as ‘Miss Diana Vaughan’), Mémoires d’une ex-Palladiste, parfaite Initiée, Indépendante, Paris, 1895–97. ‘The Great-Grandmother of the Antichrist’, p. 284.

L. Taxil and K. Milo, Les débauches d’un confesseur, Paris, 1883.

L. Taxil and K. Milo, Les Maîtresses du Pape. Roman historique anti-clérical, Paris, 1884.

R. Tombs, The Paris Commune 1871, Harlow, 1999.

L’Univers, ‘Léo Taxil’, 14 July 1885 and 25 July 1885.

Vatican Council of 1870 on Infallibility, consulted on 25 November 2019 at http:// traditionalcatholic.net/Tradition/Council/Vatican/Fourth_Session,_Chapter_4. html; ‘Is possessed of that infallibility’.

E. Weber, Satan Franc maçon. La mystification de Leo Taxil, Paris, 1964. The classic account on which I have drawn heavily. It reproduces many key documents from the case, notably the speech in which Taxil exposed his hoax that gives a narra- tive of events.

E. Weber, ‘Religion and Superstition in Nineteenth-Century France’, The Historical Journal, 31 (2), 1988.

Κεφάλαιο 10: Αλαχαμπάντ: Μητρικές Στοές της Αυτοκρατορίας

(With reference to Rudyard Kipling titles, note that in most cases I have consulted the Kipling Society’s online edition of many of his works, which contains very useful notes. For example, ‘The Mother Lodge’ (http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/poems_motherlodge.htm) and ‘Cities and Thrones and Powers’, http://www.kiplingsociety. co.uk/poems_cities.htm.)

Anon., Resumé of the History of the District Grand Lodge of Barbados 1740–1936, Bridgetown, Barbados, 1937.

Anon., ‘Chronicle’. Brief account of Lodge Rising Star meeting in Bloemfontein, AQC, 14, 1901. ‘We are pleased to note that not only were there many Boer Brothers’, pp. 95–6.

S.R. Bakshi, Indian Freedom Fighters: Struggle for Independence – Vol. 10: Motilal Nehru, New Delhi, 1990.

S. Basu, For King and Another Country: Indian Soldiers on the Western Front, 1914–18, New Delhi, 2015.

C.A. Bayly, The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad 1880–1920 (1975), in The

C.A. Bayly Omnibus, Oxford, 2009. Three per cent of the population, p. 52. On the Masonic Lodge as one of the few integrated institutions, p. 56.

J. Beamish Saul, Historical Sketch of the Lodge of Antiquity, Montreal, 1912.

Lord Birkenhead, Rudyard Kipling, London, 1980. Such was Kipling’s love of things Masonic and clubby that, while in Bloemfontein, he tried to get his fellow journalists to create a brotherhood with a rite rather like the Masons, pp. 209–10.

J.M. Brown, ‘India’, in in J. Brown and W.R. Louis (eds), The Oxford History of the British Empire – Volume IV: The Twentieth Century, Oxford, 1999.

Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (2005), ‘NEMO remembers the great hurricane of 1780’, consulted 1 August 2018 at https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223823 http://www.cdera.org/cunews/news/saint_lucia/ article_1314.php.

G. Chakravarty, The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination, Cambridge, 2005.

A. Conan Doyle, Memories and Adventures (1924), Oxford, 1989.

K.R. Cramp and G. Mackaness, A History of the United Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons of New South Wales, vol. 1, Sydney, NSW, 1938.

G.H. Cumming, The Foundations of Freemasonry in Australia, Sydney, NSW, 1992.

G.H. Cumming, Freemasonry and the Emancipists in New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2015.

S. Deschamps, Franc-maconnerie et pouvoir colonial dans l’Inde britannique (1730– 1921), PhD thesis, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 2014. Umdat-ul-Umrah Bahadur, pp. 178–81. ‘Our race differ[s] in every essential point from that of the Asiatic’, quoted p. 374.

S. Deschamps, ‘Freemasonry and the Indian Parsi Community: A Late Meeting on the Level’, Journal for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism, 3 (1), 2012.

S. Deschamps, ‘Looking to the East: Freemasonry and British Orientalism’, Journal for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism, 5 (2), 2014.

S. Deschamps, ‘From Britain to India: Freemasonry as a Connective Force of Empire’, E-rea, 14 February 2017, consulted online 12 July 2018.

J. Fingard, ‘Race and Respectability in Victorian Halifax’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 20 (2), 1992.

J. Fingard, J. Guildford and D. Sutherland, Halifax: The First 250 Years, Halifax, NS, 1999.

W.K. Firminger, The Early History of Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab, Calcutta, 1906.

V.J. Fozdar, ‘Constructing the “Brother”: Freemasonry, Empire and Nationalism in India, 1840–1925’, PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2001. Important work on Masonry in India, particularly Bombay. ‘Jadughar, or “magic-house” … bhutkhana, or “demon-house”’, p. 332. ‘A Parsi, a Moslem draughtsman, a Sikh’, p. 285. Between 1885 and 1907, 43 per cent of Congress presidents were Masons, p. 450.

V.J. Fozdar, ‘Imperial brothers, imperial partners: Indian Freemasons, race, kinship, and networking in the British empire and beyond’, in D. Ghosh and D. Kennedy (eds), Decentring Empire: Britain, India, and the transcolonial world, London, 2006.

V.J. Fozdar, ‘“That Grand Primeval and Fundamental Religion”: The Transformation of Freemasonry into a British Imperial Cult’, Journal of World History, 22 (3), 2011.

The Freemasons’ Quarterly Review, ‘Nova Scotia’, 31 March 1854, p. 171.

P. Fussell, Jr, ‘Irony, Freemasonry, and Humane Ethics in Kipling’s “The Man Who Would be King”’, ELH, 25 (3), 1958.

D. Gilmour, The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling, London, 2002. ‘The dark places of the earth’, quoted p. 126. For Kipling’s various hates, see p. 212 and passim. Kipling on babus, p. 64. On the Andrew Hearsey episode,

p. 73. Kipling as Laureate of Empire, pp. 119–24. ‘Great War’ and ‘the Hun’, p. 117.

D. Griffiths, Fleet Street: Five Hundred Years of the Press, London, 2006. On Daily Mail circulation, pp. 132–3.

I.H. Haarburger, ‘Charity’: A Masonic Analysis. An address delivered in the Lodge Rising Star, no. 1022, at Bloemfontein, by W. Bro … Ivan H. Haarburger and read in the Lodge ‘Star of Africa’, Jagersfontein, by W. Bro … Chas. Palmer, on 18th April, 1900, Jagersfontein, 1900.

I.H. Haarburger, A Mourning Lodge Convened by the Rising Star Lodge no. 1,022, Bloemfontein, Bloemfontein, 1901.

J.L. Harland-Jacobs, ‘All in the Family: Freemasonry and the British Empire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century’, Journal of British Studies, 2 (4), 2003.

J.L. Harland-Jacobs, Builders of Empire: Freemasons and British Imperialism, 1717– 1927, Chapel Hill, NC, 2007. A ground-breaking survey of its subject. My section on Masonic events from Barbados, Sydney, etc. is meant to summarise her find- ings and draws partly on her work. ‘Passport in all parts of the globe’, quoted p. 246. ‘The Society of Freemasons increases in numbers and prosperity’ Proceedings of United Grand Lodge of England 7 September 1887, quoted p. 254. ‘That unite the Dominions with the Mother Country’, quoted p. 11.

J.B. Harrison, ‘Allahabad: a sanitary history’, in K. Ballhatchet and J. Harrison (eds), The City in South Asia: Pre-modern and Modern, London, 1980. ‘A noisome ditch, with crawling fetid contents’, sanitary report 1879, quoted p. 186. ‘If the natives chose to live amidst such insanitary surroundings’, p. 167.

W. Henley, History of Lodge Australian Social Mother no. 1, 1820–1920, Sydney, 1920.

R. Holland, ‘The British Empire and the Great War, 1914–1918’, in J. Brown and W.R. Louis (eds), The Oxford History of the British Empire – Volume IV: The Twentieth Century, Oxford, 1999.

T. Hunt, Ten Cities that Made an Empire, London, 2014. See the chapter on Bridgetown for its colonial economy and society.

B.L. Huskins, Public Celebrations in Victorian Saint John and Halifax, PhD thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, 1991.

A. Jackson, The British Empire: A Very Short History, Oxford, 2013. For figures on the extent of the British Empire, p. 5.

R. Jaffa, Man and Mason: Rudyard Kipling, Milton Keynes, 2011.

D. Judd and K. Surridge, The Boer War: A History, London, 2013.

H.G. Keene, A hand-book for visitors to Lucknow: with preliminary notes on Allahabad and Cawnpore, London, 1875.

G. Kendall, ‘Freemasonry during the Anglo-Boer War 1899–2002’, AQC, 97, 1984. Contains a misleading account of Masonic events in Bloemfontein during the war.

R. Kipling [writing as Anon.], ‘A Study of the Congress’, The Pioneer, 1 January 1889. In Sussex University Kipling Papers collection, Printed Material, 1. Press- Cuttings, a. Bound Volumes, 28/4, Stories, Poems, Articles, 1887–91.

R. Kipling, Something of Myself: An Autobiography (1937), London, 2007. ‘Large- boned, mountainous, wooded’, p. 75. ‘Here I met Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs’, p. 38.

R. Kipling, The Complete Barrack-Room Ballads of Rudyard Kipling, ed. C. Carrington, London, 1974.

R. Kumar and D.N. Panigrahi, Selected Works of Motilal Nehru, vol. 1 (1899–1918), New Delhi, 1982.

R. Lethbridge, The Golden Book of India, London, 1893. On the Maharaja of Kapurthala, p. 233.

Library and Museum of Freemasonry, London, English Freemasonry and the First World War, Hersham, 2014. For numbers of English Constitution Lodges in 1914, pp. 10–11. For growth in membership after the war, and lifting of the ban on the disabled, pp. 93–4.

The London Gazette, 28 May 1886. For Sir John Edge’s transfer, p. 2572.

R.S. Longley, A Short History of Freemasonry in Nova Scotia, Halifax, NS, 1966.

P. Longworth, The Unending Vigil: A History of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Barnsley, 2010. Canadian units digging own graves, p. 22. ‘To keep alive the ideals for the maintenance and defence’, quoted p. 28.

A. Lycett, Rudyard Kipling, London, 2015.

P. Mason, Kipling: The Glass, the Shadow and the Fire, London, 1975. ‘Soul-cleansing routine’, p. 25. ‘To belong to an inner circle, with secret passwords’, p. 84.

The Masonic Illustrated, July 1901. ‘Thrill[s] the heart of every Craftsman’, p. 214.

J. McBratney, ‘India and Empire’, in H.J. Booth (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Rudyard Kipling, Cambridge, 2011.

B. Metcalf and T. Metcalf, A Concise History of Modern India, Cambridge, 2002. On Allahabad in this period, pp. 108–9.

R.J. Moore, ‘Imperial India, 1858–1914’, in A. Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume III: The Nineteenth Century, Oxford, 1999.

M. Mukherjee, India in the Shadows of Empire: A Legal and Political History, 1774–1950, New Delhi, 2010. On vakils and lawyers in Congress, pp. 105–49.

B.R. Nanda, The Nehrus: Motilal and Jawaharlal, Bombay, 1962.

B.R. Nanda, Motilal Nehru, New Delhi, 1964.

T. Pakenham, The Boer War, London, 1979.

A. Pershad and P. Suri, Motilal Nehru: A Short Political Biography, Delhi, 1961. ‘A people ripening into nationhood’, quoted p. 17

B. Phillips, ‘Rudyard Kipling’s war, Freemasonry and misogyny’ in D. Owen and

M.C. Pividori (eds), Writings of Persuasion and Dissonance in the Great War: That Better Whiles May Follow Worse, DQR Studies in Literature, vol. 61, 2016.

T. Pinney (ed), The Letters of Rudyard Kipling, vol. 2, 1890–99, London, 1990. ‘My affection for England’, pp. 155–6. ‘Naturally I believe there has been no civilizing experiment’, p. 235.

T.H. Raddall, Halifax: Warden of the North, Toronto, 1948.

J. Ralph, War’s Brighter Side: The story of The Friend newspaper edited by the correspondents with Lord Roberts’s Forces, March–April 1900, London, 1901. Date Kipling left Bloemfontein, p. 258.

J. Ranston, Masonic Jamaica and the Cayman Islands, Kingston, Jamaica, 2017. The only possible objection to the conclusion that the Lodge of ‘In the Interests of the Brethren’ is all-white is that Kipling mentions that one of the Masons came from Jamaica. Ranston’s research, and a conversation with the author, leads me to conclude that the picture in his mind is of a Jamaican Brother from among the white planters.

Rising Star Lodge no. 1,022, Minutes of a Mourning Lodge held 31st January 1901 in Memory of her Late Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, Bloemfontein, 1901.

M. Roberts, British Poets and Secret Societies, London, 1986. On Kipling, pp. 102–25.

B. Russell, Unpopular Essays, Oxford 2009 (1950). ‘The most refined religions are concerned’, p. 105.

R. Sohrabji Sidhwa, District Grand Lodge of Pakistan (1869–1969), Lahore, 1969. ‘Solving the mystery of Rudyard Kipling’s son’, 18 January 2016, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35321716.

Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India, vol. VIII, part II, Allahabad, Allahabad, 1884.

J. Summers, Remembered: The History of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, London, 2007.

Thacker’s Indian Directory, Calcutta, 1890, Part 1. For Lodge meeting days in Allahabad, p. 227.

United Indian Patriotic Association, Pamphlets issued by the United Indian Patriotic Association no. 2, Showing the Seditious Character of the Indian National Congress, Allahabad, 1888. Esp. ‘The Pioneer on sedition’, pp. 79–91.

G.E. Walker, ‘250 Years of Masonry in India’, AQC, 92, 1979. ‘They were not obli- gated to be present at the Initiation of a Turk’, quoted p. 177.

F. Ware, The Immortal Heritage: An Account of the Work and Policy of the Imperial War Graves Commission during Twenty Years, 1917–1937, Cambridge, 1937.

K. Watson, The Civilized Island: Barbados – A Social History 1750–1816, Barbados, 1979.

L.H. Wienand, The First Eighty-One Years: A Brief History of the Rising Star Lodge from 1864 to 1945, Bloemfontein, 1955. Reproduces press reports and other documents I have drawn on for Bloemfontein Lodge meetings. ‘They are eternal. In our day and generation’, p. 50.

C.G. Wyndham Parker, Thirty-Five Masters: The Story of the Builders of the Silent Cities Lodge, London, 1962.

C. Wynne, The Colonial Conan Doyle: British Imperialism, Irish Nationalism, and the Gothic, London, 2002.

A.M. Zaidi and S. Zaidi (eds), The Encyclopedia of Indian National Congress, vol. 1, 1885–1890, The Founding Fathers, New Delhi, 1976. On Allahabad Congress, pp. 233ff.

Archival sources from the Museum and Library of Freemasonry, London

Letter of John Seed, Secretary of the Union Lodge, No. 362 [erased], Bridgetown, Barbados, 28 December 1795, GBR 1991 AR/1273/3. ‘Labour in all brotherly love, for the future Welfare and Support’.

Copy of the minutes of the St John’s Day Celebrations at the Union Lodge, No. 362, Bridgetown, Barbados, 28 December 1795, GBR 1991 AR/1273/4.

Freemason Membership Registers, 1751–1921, available on Ancestry.com. Analysed for various Indian Lodges, especially those of Kipling and Nehru.

Loyal Address from several Lodges in Bengal, India to Queen Victoria, 1887. GBR 1991 LA 1/2/179.

Κεφάλαιο 11: Αμβούργο: Εκ βαθέων

F.J. Böttner, Aus der Geschichte der Großen Loge von Hamburg 1914–1935: Cäsar Wolf zum Gedächtnis, Bayreuth, 1988.

N. Cohn, Warrant for Genocide, London, 1996 (1967).

A. Di Fant, ‘Stampa cattolica italiana e antisemitismo alla fine dell’Ottocento’, in C. Brice and G. Miccoli (eds), Le racines chrétiennes de l’antisémitisme politique (fin XIXe–XXe siècle), Collection de l’Ecole française de Rome, vol. 306, 2003.

R. Esposito, Chiesa e Massoneria, Fiesole, 1999. Repeats the Hamburg Grand Lodge story on p. 148.

R. Freke Gould, A Concise History of Freemasonry, London, 1904. For origins of German Masonry, pp. 455ff.

B. Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man, London, 2010. On Hitler as a reader of von List, pp. 206–16.

J. Holtorf, Die verschwiegene Bruderschaft: Freimaurer-Logen: Legende und Wirklichkeit, Munich, 1984.

J. Katz, Jews and Freemasons in Europe, 1723–1939, Cambridge, MA, 1970.

E. Levi, Mozart and the Nazis: How the Third Reich Abused a Cultural Icon, New Haven, CT, 2010.

J. MacPherson, ‘The Magic Flute and Freemasonry’, University of Toronto Quarterly, 76 (4), 2007.

G. Miccoli, ‘Santa Sede, questione ebraica e antisemitismo fra Otto e Novecento’, in C. Vivanti (ed.), Gli ebrei in Italia. vol. II. Dall’emancipazione a oggi, Turin, 1997.

G.L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich, London, 1964. On von List, pp. 72–5.

G.L. Mosse, Germans and Jews: The Right, the Left, and the Search for a ‘Third Force’ in Pre-Nazi Germany, London, 1970. On völkisch ideology, pp. 8–26.

J. Rogalla von Bieberstein, ‘The Story of the Jewish-Masonic Conspiracy, 1776–1945’, Patterns of Prejudice, 11 (6), 1977.

K. Thomson, ‘Mozart and Freemasonry’, Music & Letters, 57 (1), 1976.

F. Venzi, Massoneria e Fascismo, Rome, 2008. Contains a version of the Hamburg Grand Lodge closure story on p. 23.

Κεφάλαιο 12: Ρώμη: Ψήνοντας το μαδημένο κοτόπουλο

Avanti!, 28 April 1914. Reproduces Mussolini’s speech at Ancona.

C. Baldoli, ‘L’ossimoro cremonese. Storia e memoria di una comunità fra Bissolati e Farinacci’, Italia Contemporanea, June 1997. On Farinacci as Freemason.

R.J.B. Bosworth, Mussolini’s Italy: Life under the Dictatorship, 1915–1945, London, 2005. For the battering in the parliamentary toilets, p. 173.

Camera dei Deputati, Atti Parlamentari, XXVII Legislatura del Regno d’Italia, 16 May 1925. ‘Camorra’, from a speech by Gioacchino Volpe, p. 3645. ‘Parasitic intoxication’, from a speech by Egilberto Martire, p. 3655. Gramsci’s speech, pp. 3658–61.

F. Conti, ‘Massoneria e sfera pubblica nell’Italia liberale, 1859–1914’, in Cazzaniga (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006, esp. pp. 606–10.

F. Conti, Storia della massoneria italiana. Dal Risorgimento al fascismo, Bologna, 2006. On Lemmi’s Grand Mastership, pp. 115–47. For an evaluation of the evidence about Masonic funding for the March on Rome, pp. 289–90. Destruction of Torrigiani’s villa, p. 317.

F. Conti, ‘From Universalism to Nationalism: Italian Freemasonry and the Great War’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 20 (5), 2015.

Corriere della Sera, 17 May 1925; for the description of Gramsci as ‘a little hunch- back’.

R. De Felice, Mussolini il rivoluzionario 1883–1920, Turin, 1965. For the context of the Ancona speech, see pp. 177–95.

M. Di Figlia, Farinacci. Il radicalismo fascista al potere, Rome, 2007; for Farinacci’s career. On Farinacci as a Mason, pp. 98–9.

Fascio e compasso. RAI3 documentary, first shown in 2018, which cites Domizio Torrigiani’s congratulatory telegram.

M.A. Finocchiaro, Beyond Right and Left: Democratic Elitism in Mosca and Gramsci, New Haven, CT, 1999. For an analysis of Gramsci’s speech, pp. 179–200.

D. Forgacs, ‘Gramsci Undisabled’, Modern Italy, 21 (4), 2016.

A.M. Isastia, ‘Massoneria e fascismo: la grande repressione’, in Z. Ciuffoletti and S. Moravia (eds), La Massoneria. La storia, gli uomini, le idee, 2nd edn, 2004. On squadrista violence against Masons from 1923, pp. 202–3. On episodes where Masons loyal to one Grand Lodge used the violence as cover to get one over on their Brothers from a rival branch, see p. 235.

A. Lyttelton, The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929, London, 1973. On the anti-Masonry campaign as an instrument against the bureaucracy, p. 177. Farinacci and Masonry, p. 281. On the violence in Florence, p. 282.

P. Mattera, Storia del PSI, 1892–1994, Rome, 2010. Reports of Mussolini’s speech at Ancona cited on pp. 56–9.

A.A. Mola, Storia della Massoneria dall’Unità alla Repubblica, Milan, 1976. On Masons absenting themselves from the Chamber to make it inquorate, pp. 476ff. Farinacci, Masons should be ‘shot en masse’, quoted p. 503. On the reaction against Masons following the Zaniboni assassination attempt, pp. 509–10. ‘Bedraggled chicken’, quoted p. 513. C. Palmieri, Mussolini e la Massoneria, Milan, 2017.

Rivista Massonica. The following issues document Fascist raids on Lodges: January 1924; September 1924; December 1924. The issue of September to October 1925 contains Torrigiani’s order closing down all Lodges in Florence.

G. Salvemini, ‘Il <<Non Mollare>>’, in G. Salvemini, E. Rossi and P. Calamandrei, Non Mollare (1925), Florence, 1955, for an account of the violence in Florence. ‘Masonry must be destroyed’, quoted p. 23.

G. Sircana, ‘Farinacci, Roberto’, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Rome, 1995. La Stampa. The Turin newspaper looks back over its coverage of Freemasonry, and in particular of its ‘electoral choreography’, in the issue of 21 June 1896. For a report on the Freemasonry debate, which mentions Fascists listening attentively

to Gramsci, and Gramsci leaning on a Fascist (Italo Balbo) to finish his speech, 17 May 1925.

G. Vannoni, Massoneria, fascismo e Chiesa Cattolica, Rome/Bari, 1979. On Farinacci supposedly being part of Masonic plot to replace Mussolini, pp. 234–41.

Κεφάλαιο 13: Μόναχο: Η στρατηγική της μπιραρίας

I. Abrams, ‘The multinational campaign for Carl von Ossietzky’. A paper presented at the International Conference on Peace Movements in National Societies, 1919– 39, held in Stadtschlaining, Austria, 25–9 September 1991, consulted at http://www.irwinabrams.com/articles/ossietzky.html on 16/1/20: ‘a trembling, deadly pale something …’

H. Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, London, 1963. Arendt (pp. 28–9) mentions that Eichmann tried to join ‘the Freemasons’ Lodge Schlaraffia’ in Austria early in 1932 before he joined the SS. However, Schlaraffia is not a Masonic organisation, and has more frivolous aims.

M. Berenbaum (ed.), A Mosaic of Victims, Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis, New York, 1990.

D.L. Bergen, War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust, New York, 2003.

C. Campbell Thomas, Compass, Square and Swastika: Freemasonry in the Third Reich, PhD thesis, Texas A&M University, 2011. On Masonic informers, p. 76. On the 2,000 membership of Leopold Müffelmann’s strand of Masonry, p. 48. ‘Poster child of Masonic victimization and courageous resistance’, p. 17.

R.J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich, London, 2003. Most writing by Freemasons on the Nazi repression lacks even a minimum understanding of the context. I have drawn mainly on Evans and Kershaw (below) to provide that context.

R.J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939: How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation, London, 2006. On Carl von Ossietzky, passim.

R.J. Evans, The Third Reich at War: How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster, London, 2008.

A. Hitler, Mein Kampf, translated by R. Manheim, London, 1992 (1943). On Freemasonry, p. 285.

A. Hitler, ‘Rede Hitlers zur Neugründung der NSDAP am 27. Februar 1925 in München’, downloaded 31 January 2019 from: http://www.kurt-bauer-geschichte. at/lehrveranstaltung_ws_08_09.htm. ‘Either the enemy walks over our corpse’, p. 6. On the importance of a single enemy, p. 7.

C. Hodapp, Freemasons for Dummies, Hoboken, NJ, 2013. The implausible claim of 200,000 Masons killed by the Nazis is on p. 85. It should be said that Hodapp is an engaging and fair-minded Masonic writer, and this introduction is recom- mended.

E. Howe, ‘The Collapse of Freemasonry in Nazi Germany, 1933–5’, AQC, 95, 1982. On sales of Ludendorff’s book, p. 26. On the attacks on Lodges in Düsseldorf and Landsberg an der Warthe, pp. 29 and 32. Suicide of Walter Plessing, p. 33.

J. Katz, Jews and Freemasons in Europe, 1723–1939, Cambridge, MA, 1970. On The Protocols, pp. 180–94. On the proportion of  Jews in German Lodges, pp. 189–90.

I. Kershaw, Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris, London, 1998. On Hitler’s speech at the Bürgerbräukeller in 1925, pp. 266–7. Hitler accuses Ludendorff of being a Mason, p. 269. On Hjalmar Schacht, p. 356 and passim.

I. Kershaw, Hitler 1936–45: Nemesis, London, 2000.

R.S. Levy (ed.), Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Santa Barbara, CA, 2005, vol. 2. Entry on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, pp. 567–70.

E. Ludendorff, Destruction of Freemasonry Through Revelation of Their Secrets (trans. J. Elisabeth Koester), Los Angeles, 1977.

Masonic Encyclopedia, ‘Österreich 1938–1945: 692 Freimaurer wurden Opfer des Nazi-Terrors’, which summarises research on the Nazi repression of Masonry in Austria. https://freimaurer-wiki.de/index.php/%C3%96sterreich_1938-1945:_692_ Freimaurer_wurden_Opfer_des_Nazi-Terrors, consulted 12 February 2019.

R. Melzer, ‘In the Eye of a Hurricane: German Freemasonry in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich’, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 4 (2), 2003. For the number of Masons and Lodges in 1925, p. 114.

R. Melzer, Between Conflict and Conformity: Freemasonry during the Weimar Republic and Third Reich, Washington DC, 2014. By far the most systematic and authoritative study, which I have drawn on heavily for my interpretative framework and on many points of detail. May 1923, an Old Prussian Lodge invited Ludendorff, p. 85. Old Prussian Lodge in Regensburg adopted the Nazi swastika as its badge, p. 157. In 1926, two of the three Old Prussian Grand Lodges consid- ered introducing ‘Aryan’ symbols, p. 81. Göring snubbed the Masons’ emissary, pp. 99–100. ‘Our German Order is völkisch’, quoted pp. 95–6. In Hamelin Lodge, a Master appears in SS uniform, p. 177. Letter to Hitler offers assurance that the Lodges would stay true to their ‘national and Christian tradition’, quoted p. 151. ‘You damned pigs, I need to throw you and this Jew-band in a pot!’, quoted p. 153. Lodges adopt swastika as symbol, p. 159. ‘Grand National Lodge of Freemasons of Germany’ becomes ‘German Christian Order’, p. 154. ‘We are no longer Freemasons’, quoted p. 156. Humanitarian Lodges Aryanised, pp. 162–72. Confusion and hesitancy in Nazi policy, pp. 188–91. On Adolf Eichmann, p. 188. Hamburg Grand Lodge only open to ‘German men of Aryan descent’, quoted p. 170. On Leopold Müffelmann, pp. 173–5.

S. Naftzger, ‘“Heil Ludendorff”: Erich Ludendorff and Nazism, 1925–1937’, PhD thesis, City University New York, 2002. On von Kemnitz, pp. 23–30 and passim.

R.M. Piazza, ‘Ludendorff: The Totalitarian and Völkisch Politics of a Military Specialist’, PhD thesis, Northwestern University, 1969.

L.L. Snyder, Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, London, 1976. For the SA and its numbers, p. 304.

R. Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945, Cambridge, 2003. On Ludendorff, pp. 87–91.

C. Thomas, ‘Defining “Freemason”: Compromise, Pragmatism, and German Lodge Members in the NSDAP’, German Studies Review, 35 (3), 2012.

P. Viereck, Metapolitics: The Roots of the Nazi Mind, New York, 1961 (1941). On Mathilde von Kemnitz, p. 297.

Κεφάλαιο 14: Σαλαμάνκα: Ύαινες και παλλακίδες

G. Álvarez Chillida, El Antisemitismo en España, Madrid, 2002. ‘One race’s hatred, as transmitted through a skilfully managed organisation’, quoted p. 320.

V.M Arbeloa Muru, ‘La masonería y la legislación de la II República’, Revista Española de Derecho Canónico, 37 (108), 1981. For Masons involved in drawing up the Republican constitution, p. 369. ‘There has been no more perfectly Masonic political revolution’, quoted from Boletín Oficial del Supremo Consejo del Grado 33 para España y sus dependencias, p. 374. ‘The spectre of the Lodges’, quoted p. 380.

J. Blazquez Miguel, Introduccion a la historia de la Masonería española, Madrid, 1989. Particularly for the late nineteenth-century membership figures and news- papers, pp. 92–105.

R. Carr, Spain: 1808–1975, 2nd edn, Oxford, 1982. On Masonry and the origins of ‘culture war’ in Spain, pp. 127–8.

J. de la Cueva, ‘The assault on the city of Levites: Spain’, in C. Clark and W. Kaiser (eds), Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Cambridge, 2004.

J. Domínguez Arribas, L’ennemi judéo-maçonnique dans la propagande franquiste (1936–1945), Paris, 2016. On the origins of Franco’s anti-Masonry, pp. 93–118. See the brilliant pages on APIS, from which my account is drawn, pp. 119–45. On Tusquets, pp. 221–73.

J. Dronda Martínez, Con Cristo o contra Cristo. Religión e movilización antir- republicana en Navarra (1931–1936), Villatuerta, 2013. ‘We are governed by a small number of Freemasons’, quoted p. 285.

J.A. Ferrer Benimeli, Masonería española contemporánea. Vol. 2. Desde 1868 has nuestros días, Madrid, 1980. The key starting point for this topic. For the widely cited early estimates for the number of Masonic victims of the Nationalist repres- sion, pp. 144–50. ‘The country is writhing in the anguish of a tragic agony’, quoted p. 122. CEDA’s leader as Minister of War moved to ban Masons in the military, pp. 287ff. ‘Freemasonry shall not pass!’, quoted p. 278. ‘All of Spain is calling for exemplary and rapid punishment’, quoted p. 143. Málaga, October 1937, eighty prisoners executed for being Masons, p. 146. On Franco’s supposed attempts to become a Mason, pp. 169–70. Franco outlaws the Craft under his command in September 1936, ‘crime of rebellion’, ‘could be judged offensive to the Church’, pp. 140–1. ‘Lucky Hitler!’, Mauricio Karl, quoted p. 141. Card index system in Salamanca contains 80,000 suspected Brothers, estimate p. 157.

J.A. Ferrer Benimeli, El contubernio judeo-masónico-comunista, Madrid, 1982. Catholic youth movement manifesto ‘declaring war’ on Masonry, p. 274.

J.A. Ferrer Benimeli (ed.), Masoneria, politica y sociedad, vol. II, Zaragoza, 1989. In particular the following important essays: J.-C. Usó i Arnal, ‘Nuoevas aport- aciones sobre la repression de la masonería Española tras la Guerra Civil’;

J. Ortiz Villalba, ‘La persecución contra la Masonería durante la Guerra Civil y la Post-guerra’; R. Gil Bracero and M.N. López Martínez, ‘La repression anti- masónica en Granada durante la guerra civil y la postguerra’; F. Espinosa Maestre, ‘La represión de la Masonería en la Provincia de Huelva (1936–1941)’.

N. Folch-Serra, ‘Propaganda in Franco’s time’, Bulletin of Spanish Studies, 89 (7–8), 2012. Judges on the Special Tribunal nominated by the regime, p. 235. Continued use of Salamanca archive after 1964, pp. 234–7.

R.G. Jensen, ‘Jose Millan-Astray and the Nationalist “Crusade” in Spain’, Journal of Contemporary History, 27 (3), 1992.

F. Lannon, ‘The Church’s crusade against the Republic’, in P. Preston (ed.), Revolution and War in Spain 1931–1939, London, 1984.

F. Lannon, Privilege, Persecution, and Prophecy: The Catholic Church in Spain, 1875–1975, Oxford, 1987. For figures of the number of clergy killed in the Civil War, p. 201.

F. Lannon, The Spanish Civil War, Oxford, 2002.

D. Manuel Palacio, ‘Early Spanish Television and the Paradoxes of a Dictator General’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 25 (4), 2005; on the background to Franco’s last speech.

P. Preston, ‘Juan Tusquets: a Catalan contribution to the myth of the Jewish– Bolshevik–Masonic conspiracy’, in A. Quiroga and M. Ángel del Arco (eds), Right-Wing Spain in the Civil War Era, London, 2012. ‘Tusquets saw Freemasons everywhere’, quoted p. 183.

P. Preston, The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth- Century Spain, London, 2012. ‘Eliminate leftist elements’, quoted on p. 133 from Mohammad Ibn Azzuz Hakim, La Actitud de los moros ante el alzamiento: Marruecos 1936, Málaga, 1997. Tusquets starts a fire to cause a distraction, pp. 35–7. On the birth of the Salamanca archive, pp. 487–90.

P. Preston, Franco: A Biography, London, 1993. On Franco’s anti-Masonry, p. 4 and passim.

J. Ruiz, ‘A Spanish Genocide? Reflections on the Francoist Repression after the Spanish Civil War’, Contemporary European History, 14 (2), 2005. All of Ruiz’s writing on this topic is fundamental, and I have drawn on him heavily throughout this chapter, such as for the workings of the anti-Masonic tribunal.

J. Ruiz, Franco’s Justice: Repression in Madrid after the Spanish Civil War, Oxford, 2005. Those found to have taken part in the ‘red rebellion’ were singled out for execution if they were suspected of being Masons, p. 200. Rotary Club and League for the Rights of Man as Masonic front organisations, p. 202.

J. Ruiz, ‘Fighting the International Conspiracy: The Francoist Persecution of Freemasonry, 1936–1945’, Politics, Religion & Ideology, 12 (2), 2011. This essay also contains a useful short history of Spanish Masonry. On the supposed Judeo- Masonic conspiracy in the school curriculum, 1939, p. 181. Seventy-six per cent of those brought before the Special Tribunal receive the minimum sentence, p. 191. ‘Fusion within the Presidency of the United States of supreme executive power and the supreme Masonic powers’, quoted p. 194. ‘Daughter of evil’, quoted p. 195.

H. Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, London, 2003 (1961). On Unamuno’s speech, pp. 486–9. On the stripping and flogging of the parish priest in Torrijos, near Toledo, p. 260.

J. Treglown, Franco’s Crypt: Spanish Culture and Memory since 1936, London, 2013. On the archive in Salamanca, pp. 57–84.

M. De Unamuno, Epistolario inédito II (1915–1936), Madrid, 1991. ‘Lately they’ve killed the Protestant pastor’, pp. 353–5.

The archival documentation on the posthumous trials of Atilano Coco Martin are in the records of the Tribunal Especial para la Represión de la Masonería y el Comunismo in Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte – Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica, Salamanca.

The images of Franco’s final speech can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=qCpQ0cHBRFk, consulted 11 March 2019.

The video in the Salamanca museum explaining its context can be viewed at http:// www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/cultura/areas/archivos/mc/archivos/cdmh/exposiciones-y- actividades/audiovisuales.html, consulted 16 May 2019.

Κεφάλαιο 15: Νέα Υόρκη: Ένας Χρυσός Αιώνας της Αμερικής κλείνει

Anon., Freemasonry among Men of Color in New York State, New York, 1954.

J.L. Belton, ‘The missing Master Mason’, http://www.themasonictrowel.com/leadership/management/membership_files/the_missing_master_mason_by_belton.htm, consulted 30 May 2019. A useful analysis of the decline of American Masonry.

B.C. Cooper, ‘“They are nevertheless our Brethren”: The Order of the Eastern Star and the Battle for Women’s Leadership, 1874–1926’, in P.P. Hinks and S. Kantrowitz (eds), All Men Free and Brethren: Essays on the History of African American Freemasonry, London, 2013.

M.A. Clawson, ‘Masculinity, Consumption and the Transformation of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in the Turn-of-the-century United States’, Gender &  History, 19 (1), 2007.

S. Cordery, ‘Fraternal orders in the United States: a quest for protection and identity’, in M. van der Linden (ed.), Social Security Mutualism: The Comparative History of Mutual Benefit Societies, Bern, 1996. Especially on the importance of frater- nalism for new immigrants. On the need to band together to buy a burial ground as a prompt for African Americans, pp. 87–8.

V. Danacu, Partial Study about ‘the Occult’: The Oppression of Freemasonry by the Security of the Communist Regime in Romania, Bucharest, 2010.

R.V. Denslow, Freemasonry in the Eastern Hemisphere, Trenton, MO, 1954. On the double suicide of Masons in Hungary, p. 193. ‘Meeting places of the enemies of the people’s Communist republic’, quoted p. 195. On Masonry in Communist China, pp. 312–23.

B. Elkin, ‘Attempts to Revive Freemasonry in Russia’, The Slavonic and East European Review, 44 (103), 1966.

The Empire State Mason, September–October 1964, ‘Reports of our Masonic Center at the World’s Fair’; November–December 1964, ‘Our Masonic Brotherhood Center’; see January–February 1966, ‘Our Masonic Brotherhood Center: It’s gone… But is it?’, for total number of visitors.

B. Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, New York, 1963. Drop in marriage age and education of women, p. 16.

Grand Lodge of F. & A. M. of Alabama, Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of F. &

A. M. of Alabama at the 147th Annual Communication, 21–2 November 1967, Montgomery, Alabama. ‘I feel that there is something very valuable in preserving the racial integrity’, pp. 131–5.

C. Haffner, The Craft in the East, Hong Kong, 1977.

W.S. Harwood, ‘Secret Societies in America’, The North American Review, 164 (486), 1897.

C. Hodapp, Solomon’s Builders: Freemasons, Founding Fathers, and the Secrets of Washington DC, Berkeley, CA, 2007. For an admirably patient take-down of the various conspiracy theories surrounding Masonic symbols on the Great Seal, in Washington DC, etc. etc., see chapter 8.

R.L. Huish, ‘Made of Paper and Stone: The Place of José Martí in Cuban National Identity’, MA thesis, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, 2003.

J. Huyghebaert and W.E. Parker, ‘History of Freemasonry in the Czech Republic’, 2010, available at https://u3h.webnode.cz/news/history-of-freemasonry-in-the- czech-republic/, consulted 29 May 2019.

R. Khambatta, ‘The District Grand Lodge of the Punjab’, AQC, 103, 1990.

L. Koppel, The Astronaut Wives Club, London, 2013. Gordon ‘Gordo’ Cooper and his wife, pp. 18–21. Cape Cookies, pp. 47–9.

J.M. Landau, ‘Muslim Opposition to Freemasonry’, Die Welt des Islams, 36 (2), 1996.

Life Magazine, ‘The US Masons’, 8 October 1956; 4 February 1957, ‘Masons enjoy each other’s company, sometimes find it useful in business’, p. 25.

M. Mazzucato, The Value of Everything: Making and Taking in the Global Economy, London, 2018. On growth in the financial security industry, p. 143.

D. McCullough, Truman, New York, 1992. On his Masonry, see p. 78 and passim.

S.B. Morris, ‘The Public Image of Freemasonry: A Survey of the Literature Describing American Freemasonry’, paper presented to The August Scene, 7 August 1982, Deep Creek Lake, Maryland. Kindly provided by the author.

S.B. Morris, ‘Boom to Bust in the Twentieth Century: Freemasonry and American Fraternities’, Anson Jones Lecture, Texas Lodge of Research, 19 March 1988. An insightful study of Masonry’s declining numbers.

S.B. Morris, ‘Masonic Membership Myths’, The Scottish Rite Journal, 97 (11), 1990.

G. Moshinsky, Behind the Masonic Curtain: The Soviet Attack on Masonry, Denver, CO, 1986.

W.A. Muraskin, Middle-Class Blacks in a White Society: Prince Hall Freemasonry in America, Berkeley, CA, 1975. ‘Is he a clean, right-living man, sober and indus- trious?’, quoted p. 44. Prince Hall Brothers in Who’s Who in Colored America, p. 56. On Prince Hall Masonry and Civil Rights, see chapters 10 and 11. Medgar Evers Memorial Award, pp. 234–5.

W.H. Murphy, ‘A History of Freemasonry in Cuba’, Walter F. Meier Lodge of Research no. 281 Masonic Papers, vol. 4, 1974.

The New Age Magazine, April 1964, LXXII, 4, ‘Masonry only fraternity at 1964 World’s Fair’; July 1964, LXXIII, 7, ‘A Masonic image at the New York World’s Fair’.

M. Novarino, ‘Dalle “scominiche” dell’Internazionale Comunista alle repressioni in Unione Sovietica e nelle Repubbliche democratiche popolari’, in M. Cuzzi et al. (eds), Massoneria e totalitarismi nell’Europa tra le due guerre, Milan, 2018.

M.J. O’Brien, We Shall Not Be Moved: The Jackson Woolworth’s Sit-In and the Movement it Inspired, Jackson, MS, 2013; on Medgar Evers. ‘Freedom has never been free’, quoted p. 189. Evers’ funeral, pp. 214–15.

J.T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974, Oxford, 1996. Important for the context of this whole period. For figures of those with origins in countries with a Catholic tradition of anti-Masonry, p. 15. Of the US popula- tion, 10.6 per cent (in 1960) is African American, p. 380; 95 per cent of African Americans were denied the vote in Mississippi, p. 413. For the Surgeon General’s report on the dangers of smokng, see p. 445. ‘Chocolate cities and vanilla suburbs’, quoted by Patterson from Parliament, Chocolate City, title track of the 1975 album.

R.S Patterson and R. Dougall, The Eagle and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United States, Washington DC, 1976. For the pyramid design on the Great Seal and then on the dollar bill, see pp. 402–7 and pp. 529–32.

N.V. Peale, ‘What Masonry Means to Me’, The Short Talk Bulletin, February 1973. (Text of a lecture given in 1970.) The quote is from p. 8.

Prince Hall Sentinel, 16 (3), 1963, ‘Martyr to Freedom’, with Evers’ photo on front cover.

Prince Hall Grand Lodge, Jurisdiction of the State of Alabama, 97th Annual Communication, Mobile, Alabama, 25–7 July 1967. ‘Let me impress upon you my brothers’, p. 46.

D. Richter, ‘Fidel Castro & the Curious Case of Freemasonry in Cuba’, http://www.thebohemianblog.com/2016/12/fidel-castro-the-curious-case-of-freemasonry-in-cuba.html, consulted 30 May 2019.

J.L. Romeu, ‘Characteristics and Challenges of Cuban Freemasons in the Twentieth Century: A Demographic Approach’, Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería, 2015.

L.R. Samuel, The End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World’s Fair, New York, 2007. ‘The final gasp of American innocence’, p. xviii. I have drawn heavily on this book for my account of the World’s Fair and its troubles. ‘A promotional orgy for American business’, quoted p. 95. ‘Whoosh and voom’ and figures for visitors to the most popular attractions, p. 83.

T. Skocpol, A. Liazos, M. Ganz, What a Mighty Power We Can Be: African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Equality, Princeton, NJ, 2006. ‘Next to the Negro church in importance, as affecting the social life of the people, are the secret orders’, quoted p. 8.

A.C. Stevens, The Cyclopaedia of Fraternities, New York, 1899. ‘Few who are well informed on the subject will deny’, pp. v–vii, xv.

M.A. Tabbert, American Freemasons: Three Centuries of Building Communities, NY, 2005. One of the best examples of Masonic history written by a Mason, which is notable also for embracing both Prince Hall and mainstream traditions. I have drawn on it extensively for my account of the ‘Golden Age’ of fraternalism and the early twentieth century. Like Tabbert, historians generally use ‘Golden Age of Fraternalism’ to refer to the second half of the nineteenth century, but I have extended its use here for reasons set out in my narrative. Between 1865 and 1900, 235 brotherhoods founded, with six million members, p. 87. The Independent Order of Odd Fellows, pp. 87, 112. Knights of Columbus, p. 100. Shriners, pp. 127–31. Rotary Club, pp. 162–4. On the scale of new Grand Lodge buildings in the late nineteenth century, including the Philadelphia Masonic Temple, p. 135. On the importance of Masonry to an increasingly mobile population, p. 124. And on its importance for the growing business class, p. 166. Figures for the scale of Masonic Temples in St Louis and Detroit, p. 172.

N. Thompson, Light this Candle: The Life and Times of Alan Shepard – America’s First Spaceman, New York, 2004. ‘Man’s greatest adventure’, quoted p. 175. Marital break-ups among astronauts, p. 370.

Time Magazine, ‘The World’s Fair’, 5 June 1964, ‘A tacky, plastic, here-today-blown- tomorrow look’, p. 46.

C.D.B. Walker, A Noble Fight: African American Freemasonry and the Struggle for Democracy in America, Chicago, IL, 2008.

J. Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965, New York, 1987. For Evers’ Oldsmobile, p. 209.

T. Zarcone, Le Croissant et le Compas. Islam et franc-maçonnerie de la fascination à la detestation, Paris, 2015. For French reluctance to spread Masonry to the colonies, p. 64. Young Ottomans and Young Turks, pp. 71–81. President Sukarno banned Freemasonry in 1961, p. 112.

My figures for Masonic membership in the USA are from https://www.msana.com/ msastats.asp, consulted 28 May 2019.

The permanent exhibition ‘The Golden Age of Masonic Architecture’ at the George Washington Masonic National Memorial, Alexandria, VA, is an invaluable resource on America’s great Masonic temples. Visited 14 April 2019.

The documentation from the creation, building and running of the Masonic

Brotherhood Center, including its brochure, is all held in the archive of The Chancellor Robert R Livingston Masonic Library, 71 West 23rd Street, 14th floor, New York.

I have also consulted a great deal of documentation about the Masonic Brotherhood Center in the Museum of Freemasonry in London.

‘Testimonial Dinner’ in Washington DC, 1966, to mark Thurgood Marshall’s appoint- ment as a Thirty-third Degree Prince Hall Freemason. Programme for the evening kindly supplied to the author by Ken Collins.

Rosa Parks’ Eastern Star documentation can be accessed online via the Library of Congress site: https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss85943.001520/?sp=1, viewed 24 May 2019. I would like to thank James R. Morgan III, a relative of Rosa Parks’, for the information about her Masonic father in a personal communication.

Information on the Prince Hall Temple in Jackson: https://issuu.com/visitjacksonms/docs/2014_civilrightsdrivingtourweb, consulted 24 May 2019.

For the trials of Medgar Evers’ assassin, https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ms-supreme-court/1046038.html, consulted 20 August 2019.

Κεφάλαιο 16: Αρέτσο: Ο άνθρωπος που θα έπαιζε μαριονέτες

Camera dei Deputati / Senato della Repubblica, VIII Legislatura, Commissione parlamentare d’inchiesta sul caso Sindona e sulle responsabilità politiche ad amministrative ad esso eventualmente connesse, Relazione conclusiva (relatore G. Azzaro), 24 March 1982. Esp. pp. 60–75 and 161–78.

Camera dei Deputati / Senato della Repubblica, VIII Legislatura, Commissione parlamentare d’inchiesta sulla Loggia massonica P2. The vast and unwieldy documentation  from  the  P2  Inquiry  can  be  consulted  here:  http://www.fontitaliarepubblicana.it/DocTrace/. I consulted the following in particular from the above: Relazione Anselmi: http://www.fontitaliarepubblicana.it/documents/121-000-relazione-anselmi.html: ‘[The P2 story] is uniquely rich in ambivalence and in facts with a double meaning’, p. 145. ‘The threat of the Communist Party, in agreement with clericalism, which is close to conquering power’, quoted pp. 16–17. The ‘double pyramid’, p. 154. On Gelli’s past and the secret services, pp. 60ff. ‘The threat of the Communist Party, in agreement with clericalism’, quoted pp. 16–17. ‘We can formulate all kinds of abstract hypotheses, and no conclusion is obviously absurd’, p. 76. ‘Injustices (if any) suffered during your career’, quoted p. 53; Piano di Rinascita democratica: 09-leg-doc-xxiii-n-2-4quater-3-tomo-7- bis-ocr.pdf; A. Corona, ‘Libro bianco sulla Loggia Massonica P2’, in Allegati alla relazione, Serie II: Documentazione raccolta dalla Commissione, vol. VI Loggia P2 e Massoneria, Tomo XV, Rome, 1987; Audizione Rosseti: 09-leg-doc- xxiii-n-2-3ter-03-ocr.pdf; Auduzione Bozzo: http://www.fontitaliarepubblicana.it/documents/257-09-leg-doc-xxiii-n-2-4quater-3-tomo-3-ocr.html; Audizione Tassan: Din 09-leg-doc-xxiii-n-2-3ter-01-ocr.pdf p. 294.

G. Colombo, Il vizio della memoria, Milan. First-hand account by one of the magis- trates who discovered the P2 documentation. ‘He tried to say something to us, but for a good couple of minutes he couldn’t articulate a single word’, p. 58.

A. Comba, ‘I volti della Massoneria nel secondo dopoguerra’, in Z. Ciuffoletti and

S. Moravia (eds), La Massoneria. La storia, gli uomini, le idee, 2nd edn, Milan, 2004.

F. Cordova, ‘Ricostituzione della massoneria italiana e riconoscimenti internazionali (1943–48)’, in Cazzaniga (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006.

Corriere della Sera, 5 October 1980, ‘Il fascino discreto del potere nascosto. Parla, per la prima volta, il signor P2’. Maurizio Costanzo’s famous interview of Licio Gelli.

Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana, articolo 18; https://www.mondadorieducation.it/media/contenuti/pagine/campus_economico_giuridico/02_discipl_giUridiche/2_biennio/10_costituzione_commentata/articoli/art18.html, consulted 19 June 2019.

M. della Campa, ‘Da Garibaldi al dopo Gelli’, in M. della Campa and G. Galli, La Massoneria Italiana. Grande Oriente: più luce. Due opinioni a confronto, Milan, 1998.

N.M. Di Luca, La Massoneria. Storia, miti e riti, Rome, 2000.

R. Fabiani, I Massoni in Italia, Rome, 1978. For details of Gelli’s biography, pp. 8–12.

S. Flamigni, Trame atlantiche. Storia della Loggia massonica segreta P2, Milan, 1996.

G. Galli, La venerabile trama. La vera storia di Licio Gelli e della P2, Turin, 2007. The most convincing of the many scholars to devote their attention to P2: my conclusions follow his. The figures for money confiscated from Gelli are from loc. 1791 Kindle edition. ‘For fifty years, in the shelter furnished by the struggle against Communism, people built dazzling political and economic careers’, loc. 1228.

G. Gamberini, Attualità della Massoneria. Contenti gli operai, Ravenna, 1978. ‘A political force, a power-centre, an ideological school’, p. 11. ‘False Brothers’,

p. 189. On women’s ‘different road’. On feminism, pp. 138–9. ‘Masonic teaching exclusively addresses the individual’, p. 182. For the disingenuous claim that P2 was now just a normal Masonic Lodge, see p. 252.

L. Magnolfi, Networks di potere e mercati illeciti. Il caso della loggia massonica P2, Soveria Mannelli, 1996. This is an extremely interesting account of P2’s structure under Gelli, which I have drawn on here. For an analysis of P2 raccomandazioni, pp. 61–6. ‘Only by turning to P2, that is to Mr Gelli, could he satisfy the numerous requests for solidarity’, quoted p. 25. Gelli browbeats members into joining the Lodge, p. 54. ‘[Gelli] made me realize that he was able to acquire knowledge of anything’, quoted p. 54. On P2 and the tax-dodging oil importation scheme, pp. 110–13. On Anna Bonomi, pp. 92–4. On Rizzoli, pp. 89ff.

F. Martelli, ‘La Massoneria italiana nel periodo repubblicano (1948–2005)’, in Cazzaniga (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, 21. La Massoneria, Turin, 2006.

A.A. Mola, Storia della Massoneria italiana. Dalle origini ai nostri giorni, Milan, 2001. On Gelli thought to have circulated compromising documents on the Grand Master, pp. 749–51.

A.A. Mola, Gelli e la P2. Fra cronaca e storia, Foggia, 2008.

La Repubblica, ‘Licio Gelli, al centro di innumerevoli casi giudiziari’, 16 December

2015 (for a summary of the legal actions against Gelli); ‘La P2 non cospirò contro lo Stato’, 28 March 1996; ‘Gelli e la P2, capitolo chiuso’, 22 November 1996.

D. Speroni, L’intrigo saudita. La strana storia della maxitangente Eni-Petromin, Rome, 2015.

La Stampa, ‘Gelli riacciuffato a due passi dalla Croisette’, 11 September 1998 (on his escape and recapture in disguise); ‘Gelli e la P2. Assoluzione definitiva’, 22 November 1996 (on legal costs); ‘“Diffamò Montanelli” Gelli è condannato’, 14 November 1992.

G. Turone, Italia Occulta, Milan, 2019. An important account of the P2 affair, which draws on documents such as first-hand accounts by Finanzieri of the search of Gelli’s properties, by one of the magistrates who led the investigation; loc. 4027 Kindle edition.

‘Pots of gold’, BBC News online, 14 September 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ europe/170679.stm, consulted 8/8/2019. On the gold discovered in Gelli’s garden.

My calculations of Gelli’s riches in today’s values come from https://inflationhistory. com/, consulted 15 August 2019.

Κεφάλαιο 17: Παρακαταθήκες

G. Baldessarro, ‘“Affiliazioni irregolari e inquinamento malavitoso”. E il Grande Oriente d’Italia sospende la loggia’, La Repubblica, 17 November 2013.

C. Blank, ‘For Freemasons, Is Banning Gays or Being Gay un-Masonic?’, NPR, 22 March 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/03/22/471414979/for-freemasons-is-banning-gays-or-being-gay-un-masonic?t=1580893580748, consulted 14 August 2019.

D. Brown, The Lost Symbol, New York, 2010. ‘For the record, ma’am, the entire Masonic philosophy’, p. 99.

A. Brown-Peroy, ‘La franc-maçonnerie et la notion de secret dans l’Angleterre du XXe siècle’, PhD thesis, University of Bordeaux Montaigne, 2016; for the whole Knight-Brotherhood affair in the UK. Number of expulsions rocketed from twelve, between 1934 and 1986, to 277, between 1987 and 1996, p. 289.

P. Calderwood, Freemasonry and the Press in the Twentieth Century: A National Newspaper Study of England and Wales, London, 2013.

M.W. Chapman, ‘Pope Francis: “Masonic Lobbies … This Is the Most Serious Problem for Me”, CNS News, 2 August 2013, https://www.cnsnews.com/news/ article/pope-francis-masonic-lobbies-most-serious-problem-me, consulted 20 January 2020.

O. Chaumont, D’un corps à l’autre, Paris, 2013.

O. Chaumont and A. Pink, ‘A Sister with Fifty Thousand Brothers’, Journal for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism, 4 (1–2; single issue), 2013.

J.T. Chick, The Curse of Baphomet, Dubuque, IA, 1990.

Commissione parlamentare d’inchiesta sul fenomeno delle mafie e sulle altre associazioni criminali, anche straniere, ‘Relazione sulle infiltrazioni di Cosa Nostra e della ’ndrangheta nella Massoneria in Sicilia e Calabria’, relatore R. Bindi, 27 December 2017.

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (J.A. Ratzinger), ‘Declaration on Masonic Associations’, 26 November 1983. Can be consulted at http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19831126_declaration-masonic_en.html.

C. Cordova, Gotha. Il legame indicibile tra ’ndrangheta, massoneria e servizi deviati, Rome, 2019. An invaluable overview of the charges in the vast Gotha trial.

Il Dispaccio, ‘Masso-’ndrangheta, parla l’ex Maestro Di Bernardo: “La situazione in Calabria mi spinse a dimettermi dal GOI”’, http://ildispaccio.it/reggio-calabria/216683-masso-ndrangheta-parla-l-ex-maestro-di-bernardo-la-situazione-in-calabria-mi-spinse-a-dimettermi-dal-goi, consulted 12 September 2019.

F. Forgione, Oltre la cupola, massoneria, mafia e politica, Milan, 1994.

A. Heidle and J.A.M. Snoek (eds), Women’s Agency and Rituals in Mixed and Female Masonic Orders, Leiden, 2008.

C. Hodapp, ‘The Moon, the Masons, and Tranquility Lodge’, 16 July 2019, http:// freemasonsfordummies.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-moon-masons-and-tranquility- lodge.html, consulted 26 August 2019.

S. Knight, The Brotherhood: The Secret World of the Freemasons, with a new fore- word by M. Short, London, 2007. Short’s foreword contains biographical information on Knight.

G. Leazer, Fundamentalism and Freemasonry: The Southern Baptist Investigation of the Fraternal Order, New York, 1995.

L. Mahmud, ‘The Name of Transparency: Gender, Terrorism, and Masonic Conspiracies in Italy’, Anthropological Quarterly, 85 (4), 2012.

L. Mahmud, ‘“The world is a forest of symbols”: Italian Freemasonry and the Practice of Discretion’, American Ethnologist, 39 (2), 2012.

M. Maqdsi, ‘Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) of Palestine’, Journal of Palestine Studies, 22 (4), 1993.

R. Mckeown, ‘Mystery 200-year-old letter revealed World War 3 plans – and final battle against Islam’, Daily Star, 7 March 2016.

R. McWilliams, ‘Resting Places: A History of Australian Indigenous Ancestral Remains at Museum Victoria’, downloaded from https://museumsvictoria.com. au/about-us/staff/robert-mcwilliams/, consulted 5 February 2020.

A.A. Mola, Storia della massoneria in Italia. Dal 1717 al 2018: tre secoli di un ordine iniziatico, Milano, 2018. For a review of recent Church positions on Masonry, pp. 643–50.

L. Musolino, ‘Calabria, Grande Oriente chiude 3 logge massoniche: “Infiltrate dalla ‘ndrangheta”’, Il Fatto Quotidiano, 18 March 2015, https://www.ilfattoquotidiano. it/2015/03/18/musolino-logge-massoniche/1508927/, consulted 2 August 2019.

H. Richardson, ‘Chilling letter written almost 150 years ago predicted both world wars and a THIRD battle against Islamic leaders’, the Sun, 7 March 2016.

R.S. Sidhwa, District Grand Lodge of Pakistan (1869–1969), Lahore, 1969.

M.A. Tabbert, American Freemasons, New York, 2005. On fundamentalist Christianity and Masonry, pp. 213–14.

Tribunale Ordinario di Roma, Sezione dei giudici per le indagini preliminari Ufficio 22, Decreto di archiviazione, 3 July 2000. (On the Cordova investigation into Freemasonry.)

Tribunale di Reggio Calabria, Sezione G.I.P.–G.U.P., Ordinanza su richiesta di applicazione di misure cautelari, De Stefano, Giorgio + 7, 12 July 2016 (‘Inchiesta Mammasantissima’).

Tribunale di Reggio Calabria, Processo Gotha. Rito abbreviato. Motivazioni della sentenza, 1 March 2018.

United Grand Lodge of England, ‘Gender reassignment policy’, https://www.ugle. org.uk/gender-reassignment-policy, consulted 25 August 2019.

T. Zarcone, Le Croissant et le Compas. Islam et franc-maçonnerie de la fascination à la detestation, Paris, 2015. On the fate of Masonry, and of Kipling’s Mother Lodge, in Pakistan, p. 113. On Iran, p. 115.

I owe the phrase ‘the mafia of the mediocre’ to the BBC series Line of Duty, series 4 episode 4. Interestingly, the character who uses the phrase (Thandie Newton as Detective Chief Inspector Roz Huntley) is trying to defend herself against charges of corruption by hurling accusations back at her accusers. She turns out to be guilty. Transcript available here: https://subsaga.com/bbc/drama/line-of-duty/series-4/episode-4.html, consulted 20 January 2020.